Table 3 Measures and schedule for data collection

Descriptive Measures and Covariates

Demographics

NIH CLBP dataset demographic questions (age, sex, race, ethnicity, height/weight, education, marital status)

x

Smoking history

Categorical variable: current, former, or never smoker

x

Impact of chronic pain

9 items on interference and function from PROMIS short form per NIH Taskforce minimum dataset [42]

x

Sleep disturbance

PROMIS-29 Profile v2.1 short form

x

Fatigue

PROMIS-29 Profile v2.1 short form

Participation

PROMIS-29 Profile v2.1 short form

Falls

Self-reported history of falls; prior injurious falls

x

Imaging findings

Findings abstracted from diagnostic imaging reports

x

Spine Treatments

Opioids, Medications, Injections, Physical Therapy, Psychological counseling, Surgery

x

x

Index Provider

Provider type (e.g. physician specialty, physician assistant)

x

Candidate Predictors

Demographics

age, sex, and body mass index

x

Social determinants

Education, payer type

x

Baseline Function

PROMIS SF v1.2 - Physical Function 8b

x

Baseline Pain intensity (back and leg)

Average back or leg pain intensity past 7 days using numerical rating scale (Pain NRS)

x

Chronicity

Duration and frequency of symptoms per NIH Taskforce Definition for chronic low back pain

x

Expectations for Recovery

11-point numerical rating scale

x

Depression and Anxiety

PROMIS-29 Profile v2.1 short forms

x

Falls

Self-reported prior fall

x

Prognostic Scale

STaRT Back Screening Tool

x

Chronic Conditions

Functional Comorbidity Index¹⁰¹

x

Comorbid Pain Conditions

Self-report checklist: stomach pain, upper and lower extremity joint pain, headaches, widespread pain [42].

x

Outcomes

Physical Function

PROMIS SF v1.2 - Physical Function 8b

x

x

Back-related disability

Oswestry Disability Index

x

x

Pain Interference

PROMIS-29 Profile v2.1 short form

x

x

Pain Intensity (back & leg)

Average back or leg pain intensity past 7 days using numerical rating scale (Pain NRS)

x

x

Global Rating of Change

5-point Likert scale of change in their condition (worse vs improved)

x

Spinal Stenosis symptoms

Swiss Spinal Stenosis Questionnaire (SSSQ)

x

x

Ability to Exercise

Patient Specific Functional Scale

x

x

Adverse Events

Falls, cauda equina, fractures, and infections

x