Fig. 2

Comparison of the data of three spinal levels. The mean and standard deviation of ROM in three spinal levels (L2-L3, L3-L4, and L4-L5) were obtained by the FE models in this study compared with experimental data (Panjabi et al.1994) and reference FEA data (Ming Xu et al. 2017): a under flexion (+) and extension (−), b under right (+)/left (−) lateral bending, c under right (+)/left (−) axial rotation. Note: the dots represent the mean of ROM and the error bars indicated standard deviation