Table 2 Distances (mm) from the needle to the anterior or posterior neurovascular bundle assessed during dry needling approaches of the tibialis posterior muscle

Anterior Approach (Upper Third of the Leg)

 Depth to TP muscle (mm)

Needle Tip-DFN (cm)

Needle Tip-VB (cm)

Needle Path-DFN (cm)

Needle Path-VB (cm)

 31.9 ± 6.2 (27.7 to 36.1 cm)

0.7 ± 0.3 (0.5 to 0.9 cm)

0.9 ± 0.35 (0.6 to 1.2 cm)

0.75 ± 0.3 (0.55 to 0.95 cm)

0.65 ± 0.3 (0.5 to 0.8 cm)

Posterior/Medial Approach (Mid-Point of the Leg)

 Depth to TP muscle (mm)

Needle Tip-TPN (cm)

Needle tip-VB (cm)

Needle Path-TPN (cm)

Needle Path-VB (cm)

 35.1 ± 4.5 (32.0 to 38.2 cm)

1.35 ± 0.7 (1.15 to 1.55 cm)

1.45 ± 0.25 (1.3 to 1.6 cm)

1.0 ± 0.3 (0.8 to 1.2 cm)

0.95 ± 0.3 (0.75 to 1.15 cm)