Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
| Â | Sample size (n) | Age (years) | Male sex (%) | Â | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First author (year) | Country | Study design | Total | Pneumonia | No pneumonia | Pneumonia | No pneumonia | Pneumonia | No pneumonia | Incidence (%) | Significant factors |
Lv et al. 2016 [8] | China | Retrospective cohort study | 1429 | 70 | 1359 | Median 82 | Median 74 | 22 (31.4) | 575 (42.3) | 70/1429 (4.9) | Age, male sex, fracture type, number of comorbidities, ASA ≥ 3, surgical type, preoperative hypoalbuminemia, high Cr, high RDW, preoperative mechanical ventilation |
Bohl et al. 2018 [7] | USA | Retrospective cohort study | 29,377 | 1191 | 28,186 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1911/28,186 (4.1) | Age, male sex, COPD, low BMI, CHF, dyspnea on exertion, functional status, anemia |
Chang et al. 2018 [10] | China | Retrospective cohort study | 240 | 25 | 215 | NA | NA | 9 (36.0) | 68 (31.6) | 15/240 (6.3) | Age, CVA, cancer, low platelet, high blood glucose |
Wang et al. 2019 [12] | China | Retrospective cohort study | 720 | 54 | 666 | 82.3 | 77.5 | 20 (37.0) | 27 (41.0) | 54/720 (7.5) | COPD, CVA, preoperative hypoalbuminemia, time from injury to surgery |
Salarbaks et al. 2020 [9] | Netherlands | Retrospective cohort study | 407 | 62 | 345 | Median 84 | Median 83 | 29 (46.8) | 98 (28.4) | 62/407 (15.2) | Male sex, COPD |
Shin et al. 2020 [11] | South Korea | Retrospective cohort study | 1155 | 59 | 1096 | 83.1 | 77.9 | 21 (35.6) | 295 (26.9) | 59/1155 (5.1) | Age, cardiovascular disease, early postoperative hypoalbuminemia |
Wang et al. 2020 [19] | China | Retrospective cohort study | 293 | 33 | 260 | 84.5 | 85.1 | 20 (60.6) | 76 (29.2) | 33/293 (11.3) | Male sex, smoking, preoperative hypoalbuminemia, low arterial oxygen saturation |
Xiang et al. 2020 [13] | China | Retrospective cohort study | 1113 | 166 | 947 | 86.4 | 78.8 | 53 (31.9) | 331 (35.0) | 166/1113 (14.9) | Low BMI, preoperative hypoalbuminemia, high CRP, functional status, time from injury to surgery |
Zhao et al. 2020 [14] | China | Retrospective cohort study | 1495 | 53 | 1442 | NA | NA | 28 (52.8) | 483 (33.5) | 53/1495 (3.5) | Age, male sex, chronic respiratory disease, liver disease, urinary tract infection, high CK-MB, high BNP, high D-dimer |
Ji et al. 2021 [18] | China | Retrospective cohort study | 901 | 55 | 846 | 81.6 | 78.5 | 23 (41.8) | 280 (33.1) | 55/901 (6.1) | Age, COPD, CVA, hypoxemia, time from injury to surgery |