Table 1 Detailed summary of the literature review 

Shen et al. 2021 [23]

53

31.7(13–52)

SHD + Iliac bone grafts

II, III

Steroid 24

Alcohol 14

Trauma 9

Idiopathic 6

20(8–38)

83.2 ± 5.8

2

0

Liang et al. 2021 [24]

28

36.25(21–53)

SHD + Iliac bone grafts

II, III

Steroid 12

Alcohol 10

Idiopathic 6

24.29

87.07 ± 1.69

3

1

Tang et al. 2020 [25]

26

36.2(21–53)

SHD + PRP

II, III

Steroid 15

Alcohol 8

Idiopathic 3

36.6(26–42)

87.38 ± 8.21

1

1

Steppacher et al. 2020 [26]

13

29(20–49)

SHD

II, III

Steroid 4

Trauma 1

Idiopathic 8

36(12–84)

None^a

1

2

Wei et al. 2020 [17]

32

27.6(18–49)

SHD + Iliac bone grafts

III

Steroid 18

Alcohol 5

Trauma 4

Idiopathic 5

41.0(29–51)

82.1 ± 4.6

1

0

Xia et al. 2020 [18]

33

31.7(19–46)

SHD

III

Non-traumatic

18(12–28)

81.50 ± 8.81

1

0

Zheng et al. 2020 [27]

15

32.3(23–50)

SHD + Iliac bone grafts

III

None

15.3(9 ~ 30)

83.75 ± 7.62

0

0

Du et al. 2019 [28]

15

32.76(17–46)

SHD + TCM

III

None

14.60(6 ~ 25)

74.37 ± 6.46

0

0

Sun et al. 2019 [16]

28

35.7(18–45)

SHD

III

Steroid 15

Alcohol 9

Idiopathic 4

25.8(12–48)

88.74 ± 1.68

5

1

Deng et al. 2018 [29]

43

36.8

SHD

II

None

21.8(14–36)

89.89 ± 8.13

0

0

Liu et al. 2018 [30]

22

34.3

SHD + PRP

II, III

Non-traumatic

12.40

86.84 ± 6.44

0

0

Zhuang et al. 2017 [19]

22

38.8(29–46)

SHD + TCM

III

Steroid 4

Alcohol 16

Trauma 2

11.8(6–18)

91.0 ± 6.3

0

0

Yao et al. 2017 [15]

8

36(26–44)

SHD

III

Steroid 3

Alcohol 4

Trauma 1

18.6(5–29)

80.53 ± 7.62

1

1

Chen et al. 2022

34

22.18(12–30)

SHD + Iliac bone grafts

III, IV

Steroid 10

Alcohol 16

Trauma 9

Idiopathic 3

40.77(22.33–74.07)

86.76 ± 10.22

3

0