Fig. 6

Operation field under endoscope, green indicates safe operation. A The Laminotomy was achieved via the circular saw assisted by electromagnetic navigation under the view of the endoscope. B The discectomy was achieved assisted by electromagnetic navigation under the view of the endoscope. Cartilage endplate was exposed. C The dural sac was exposed, and pulsation of the dural sac improved. D The model cage was implanted to the center of the intervertebral space in appropriate depth, with the location confirmed by electromagnetic navigation