Table 5 Linear regression analysis showing factors associated with disability (OSD scores) in patients with LBP
| Â | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Beta (β) | 95% CI | p-value | Beta (β) | 95% CI | p-value |
Age (38 – 47) | ||||||
 18—27 | 0.09 | 0.29 – 10.25 | 0.038 |  |  |  |
 28—37 | -0.04 | -3.43 – 1.10 | 0.311 |  |  |  |
 48—57 | 0.08 | -0.12 – 3.86 | 0.065 | 0.09 | 0.33—3.95 | 0.021* |
 58 +  | -0.01 | -2.20 – 2.11 | 0.745 |  |  |  |
Gender (Male) | ||||||
 Female | 0.35 | 5.92 – 9.38 | 0.000 | -0.35 | -9.59—(-6.15) | 0.000** |
Exercise (No exercise) | ||||||
 Frequent exercise | -0.08 | -3.67 – 0.04 | 0.055 |  |  |  |
Cigarette smoking (No smoking) | ||||||
 1 to 10 cigarettes | -0.09 | -4.39 – (-0.08) | 0.042 | -0.11 | -4.91—(-0.97) | 0.004* |
 More than 11 cigarettes | 0.12 | 0.94 – 5.56 | 0.006 |  |  |  |
Type of work (Semi-sedentary) | ||||||
 Sedentary | 0.07 | -0.46 – 4.97 | 0.108 |  |  |  |
 Manual work | 0.09 | 0.10 – 2.09 | 0.032 |  |  |  |
Sitting posture (Backward inclination) | ||||||
 Straight back | 0.08 | -0.18 – 5.70 | 0.065 |  |  |  |
 Stooped | 0.06 | -0.57 – 4.06 | 0.140 |  |  |  |
 Forward inclined | -0.08 | -3.81 – 0.01 | 0.051 |  |  |  |
LBP duration (less than 3-months) | ||||||
 3-months and above (chronic) | 0.19 | 2.83 – 7.13 | 0.000 |  |  |  |
LBP severity (Mild) | ||||||
 Moderate severity | 0.08 | -0.05 – 4.06 | 0.055 |  |  |  |
 Severe LBP | 0.04 | -1.11 – 3.56 | 0.303 |  |  |  |
Illnes_Behaviour_Score | 0.12 | 0.03 – 0.19 | 0.006 | -0.14 | -0.26—(-0.01) | 0.038* |
Fear avoidance beliefs | ||||||
 Work subscale | 0.20 | 0.17 – 0.42 | 0.000 | 0.34 | 0.32—0.72 | 0.000** |
 Physical activity subscale | 0.19 | 0.27 – 0.68 | 0.000 |  |  |  |