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Table 2 Clinical scores between patients with and without PAP/CPAP

From: Preoperative dynamic quantitative sensory testing in remote pain-free areas is associated with axial pain after posterior cervical spinal surgeries

 

Non-PAP

PAP

CPAP^

Number of subjects

101

21

8

Pain assessment

 Preoperative NRS

2.3 ± 0.5 (23/101)

2.6 ± 0.7 (12/21*)

2.8 ± 0.8 (5/8#)

 Postoperative average NRS$

2.8 ± 0.6

3.0 ± 0.5

3.3 ± 0.6#

Cervical cord function assessment

 Preoperative JOA

10.1 ± 3.4

9.4 ± 3.0

9.3 ± 1.6

 Postoperative JOA

13.8 ± 2.3

13.1 ± 2.0

12.5 ± 1.7

 JOA improvement rates (%)

55.7 ± 15.1

50.1 ± 12.8

43.6 ± 13.1#

Preoperative psychological assessment (n/total cases (%))

 PCS scores

9.7 ± 6.3

12.6 ± 5.5*

15.1 ± 5.8#

 BAI scores

5.7 ± 4.9

7.3 ± 5.3

9.3 ± 5.8

  Mild anxiety

7/101 (6.9%)

2/21 (9.5%)

1/8 (12.5%)

  Moderate anxiety

/

/

/

  Severe anxiety

/

/

/

 BDI scores

4.3 ± 4.2

5.9 ± 4.3

8.1 ± 4.2#

  Mild emotional distress

12/101 (11.9%)

4/21 (19.0%)

3/8 (37.5%)#

  Marginal depression

/

/

/

  Moderate depression

/

/

/

  Severe depression

/

/

/

  Extremely severe depression

/

/

/

Preoperative physical activity assessment

 Total IPAQ&

2314.6 ± 459.0 (90)

1999.9 ± 292.1* (17)

1884.9 ± 95.2# (7)

 Vigorous IPAQ

692.4 ± 306.4

509.4 ± 244.3*

525.7 ± 173.5#

 Moderate IPAQ

832.7 ± 233.4

692.0 ± 169.2*

594.6 ± 186.5#

 Walking

789.4 ± 186.9

798.5 ± 183.5

764.6 ± 138.7

  1. PAP Postoperative axial pain, CPAP Chronic PAP, BMI Body Mass Index, NRS Numeric Rating Pain Scale, JOA Japanese Orthopaedic Association, PCS Pain Catastrophizing Scale, BAI Beck Anxiety Inventory, BDI Beck Depression Index, IPAQ International Physical Activity Questionnaire
  2. (a/b)a is the number of patients with preoperative axial pain, and b is the total number of patients
  3. (c)c is the number of patients who accepted the IPAQ assessment
  4. *Statistically significant differences between the non-PAP and PAP patient groups
  5. #Statistically significant differences between the non-PAP and CPAP patient groups
  6. ^Eight of 21 patients with PAP developed CPAP; thus, the measurements of patients with CPAP were included in the measurements of those with PAP
  7. $Average pain intensity 1–5 days after operation
  8. /no patient
  9. &Total IPAQ scores = Vigorous IPAQ + Moderate IPAQ +Walking