Table 4 Intraoperative and postoperative complications of XLIF, OLIF and XOLIF
Complication | XLIF | OLIF | XOLIF |
|---|---|---|---|
Intraoperative cases (%) | – | – | – |
Segmental lumbar artery | 0 | 1 (1.8) | 0 |
Ascending lumbar vein | 0 | 1 (1.8) | 0 |
Iliac vein | 0 | 1 (1.8) | 0 |
Other vessels | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ureteral injury | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Peritoneal laceration | 0 | 1 (1.8) | 0 |
Other organ injury | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Endplate injury | 3 (5.9) | 2 (3.6) | 2 (4.1) |
Postoperative cases (%) | – | – | – |
Contralateral nerve root injury | 2 (3.9) | 1 (1.8) | 0 |
Cauda equina injury | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sympathetic chain injury | 0 | 2 (3.6) | 0 |
Transient thigh pain/numbness | 6 (11.8) | 1(1.8) | 1 (2.0) |
Transient iliolumbar weakness | 2 (3.9) | 1(1.8) | 1 (2.0) |
Cage sedimentation or shifting | 6(11.8) | 7(12.5) | 5 (10.2) |
Surgical Instrument failure | 0 | 1 (1.8) | 0 |
Intervertebral space infection | 1 (2.0) | 0 | 0 |
Pneumonia | 1 (2.0) | 0 | 1 (2.0) |
Cardio-cerebrovascular events | 0 | 1 (1.8) | 0 |
Lower extremity deep vein thrombosis | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 21 | 20 | 10 |