Table 10 Outcome Summary for Movement Smoothness Variables
From: Head kinematics in patients with neck pain compared to asymptomatic controls: a systematic review
Normalized Jerk Cost | |||||
Summary of findings for NP/ INP: • Inconsistent findings on normalized jerk cost in NP/ INP patients compared to healthy controls • Level of evidence: conflicting Summary of findings for WAD: • Inconsistent findings on normalized jerk cost in WAD patients compared to healthy controls • Level of evidence: conflicting | |||||
Publication | Sample | Task | Task specifications | Results compared to C | Risk of Bias |
Oddsottir et al. [68] | WAD 34 C 31 | Head aiming; Tracking | Speed: Given for the target cursor Tracking path: Unpredictable Patterns: 3 incremental difficulties | Increased in WAD for the easy and medium difficult pattern | moderate |
Sjölander et al. [76] | WAD 7 INP 9 C16 | Unconstrained | Speed: As fast as possible Direction: ROT | Increased in INP for In-Left and Out-Left Increased in WAD for Out-Left | moderate |
Vikne et al. [80] | WAD 15 C 15 | Unconstrained | Speed: Slow(S), preferred (P), max (MAX) Directions: FLEX/EXT | No significant differences | moderate |
Zhou et al. [83] | NP 28 C 23 | Unconstrained | Speed: Self-preferred Direction: Circumduction | No significant differences | high |
Root Mean Square Jerk | |||||
Summary of findings for INP: • No differences on root mean square jerk in INP patients compared to healthy controls • Level of evidence: limited | |||||
Lemmers et al. [66] | INP 35 C 100 | Unconstrained | Speed: Self-preferred Direction: LFLEX | No significant differences | moderate |
Number of Jerk Peaks | |||||
Summary of findings for NP: • Increased number of jerk peaks in NP patients compared to healthy controls • Level of evidence: very limited | |||||
Publication | Sample | Task | Task specifications | Results compared to C | Risk of Bias |
Zhou et al. [83] | NP 28 C 23 | Unconstrained | Speed: Self-preferred Direction: Circumduction | Increased in NP | high |
Root Mean Square Velocity | |||||
Summary of findings for INP: • No difference on root mean square velocity in INP patients compared to healthy controls • Level of evidence: limited Summary of findings for WAD: • Increased root mean square velocity in WAD patients compared to healthy controls in slow and moderate speed conditions • Level of evidence: limited | |||||
Publication | Sample | Task | Task specifications | Results compared to C | Risk of Bias |
Woodhouse et al. [81] | WAD 35 INP 45 C 48 | Head aiming; Tracking | Speed: Slow (S), moderate (MOD), fast (F) Tracking path: Predictable Pattern: Figure of eight | Increased in WAD for S and MOD No significant differences in INP | Moderate |
Number of Velocity Peaks | |||||
Summary of findings for NP: • Inconsistent findings on number of velocity peaks in NP patients compared to healthy controls • Level of evidence: conflicting | |||||
Publication | Sample | Task | Task specifications | Results compared to C | Risk of Bias |
Sarig Bahat et al. [74] | NP 33 C 22 | Head aiming; Pointing | Speed: As fast as possible Targets: Unpredictable Directions: FLEX/EXT, ROT | Increased in NP | Moderate |
Sarig Bahat et al. [73] | NP 25 C 42 | Head aiming; Pointing | Speed: As fast as possible Targets: Unpredictable Directions: FLEX/EXT, ROT | Decreased in NP | High |
Speed Index of Deviation | |||||
Summary of findings for INP: • Increased speed index of deviation in INP patients compared to healthy controls • Level of evidence: limited | |||||
Publication | Sample | Task | Task specifications | Results compared to C | Risk of Bias |
Röijezon et al. [71] | INP 118 C 51 | Unconstrained | Speed: As fast as possible Direction: ROT | Increased in INP | moderate |
Spectral Entropy | |||||
Summary of findings: • Increased spectral entropy in NP patients compared to healthy controls • Level of evidence: very limited | |||||
Publication | Sample | Task | Task specifications | Results compared to C | Risk of Bias |
Yang et al. [82] | NP 18 C 18 | Unconstrained | Speed: Self-preferred Direction: Circumduction | Increased in NP | high |
Harmonicity | |||||
Summary of findings for WAD: • No significant differences on harmonicity in WAD patients compared to healthy controls • Level of evidence: limited | |||||
Publication | Sample | Task | Task specifications | Results compared to C | Risk of Bias |
Baydal-Bertomeu et al. [57] | WAD 30 C 29 | Unconstrained | Speed: Self-preferred Direction: FLEX/EXT | No significant differences | moderate |