Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Patients 60 years of age or over, with osteoporosis or osteopenia

Osteoporosis: History of fragility fracture and bone mineral density (BMD) <80% of the young adult mean, or BMD<70%

Osteopenia: BMD was 70% to 80% of the young adult mean

Unable to stand

Unable to walk 10 meters

Unable to be measured in various physical tests

Pacemaker

Long-term steroid use

Fresh vertebral fracture

Hemiplegia