Fig. 3

a Tibia and femur human cadaveric specimens mounted on the material testing frame (MTS 858 Mini-Bionix; MTS Systems, Eden Prairie, MN, USA). The femur was mounted in an inverted position in a 7.6-cm-diameter polyvinyl chloride pipe and stabilized with polyester resin. Femoral condyles were leveled horizontally for proper axial loading. b Four differential variable reluctance transducers sensors were mounted across the fracture sites (proximal medial, distal medial, center, and lateral fragments)