Fig. 2

Presentation of heart rate at rest and under cognitive stimulation. Heart rate during rest (blue dots) and stimulation (orange dots) for pain-free participants (n = 14; left) and patients with chronic inflammatory joint diseases (CIJD; n = 14; right). The violin plots show the probability of data points at different heart rate values. The boxplots mark the median, the first to third quartiles and the whiskers mark the lowest and highest value exclusive outlier. The mixed-effects ANOVAs showed an increase of heart rate during stimulation within both groups (condition: F (1,26) = 40.950, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.612). However, there were no differences in HR at rest and under stimulation between matched groups (group: F (1,26) = 0.182, p = 0.673, η2