Table 1 Participants’ characteristics and comparisons between men and women

Age (years)

64.2 ± 12.7

63.9 ± 13.7

64.4 ± 12.1

0.35

 < 39

64 (3.2%)

29 (4.4%)^a

35 (2.6%)

<  0.0001

 40–49

191 (9.6%)

72 (11.0%)

119 (8.9%)

 50–59

348 (17.4%)

102 (15.6%)

246 (18.3%)

 60–69

593 (29.7%)

193 (29.5%)

400 (29.8%)

 70–79

555 (27.8%)

165 (25.2%)

390 (29.0%)

 80≦

245 (12.2%)

93 (14.2%)

152 (11.3%)

Height (cm)

158.0 ± 9.1

167.1 ± 6.7

153.5 ± 6.7

<  0.0001

Body weight (kg)

57.0 ± 11.6

66.0 ± 11.1

52.6 ± 9.0

<  0.0001

Residing in the coastal area

1169 (58.6%)

377 (57.7%)

792 (59.0%)

0.56

Body mass index (kg/m²)

22.7 ± 3.5

23.6 ± 3.3

22.3 ± 3.5

<  0.0001

Radiographic HV in at least one foot

766 (39.0%)

149 (22.8%)

617 (46.0%)

<  0.0001

Radiographic HV in both feet

423 (21.2%)

67 (10.2%)

356 (26.5%)

<  0.0001