Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristics of NVCFs group and Control group
|  | Training cohort(n = 403) | Validation cohort(n = 159) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control group(n = 354) | NVCFs group(n = 49) | P | Control group(n = 142) | NVCFs group(n = 17) | P | |
Gender,n(%) | ||||||
 Male | 61 (17.23%) | 10 (20.41%) | 0.584 | 39 (27.46%) | 4 (23.53%) | 0.730 |
 Female | 293 (82.77%) | 39 (79.59%) |  | 103 (72.54%) | 13 (76.47%) |  |
Age,years,n(%) | ||||||
  < 60 | 22 (6.21%) | 1 (2.04%) | 0.003 | 6 (4.23%) | 1 (5.88%) | 0.006 |
 60 ~ 70 | 140 (39.55%) | 12 (24.49%) |  | 62 (43.66%) | 3 (17.65%) |  |
 70 ~ 80 | 144 (40.68%) | 20 (40.82%) |  | 54 (38.03%) | 5 (29.41%) |  |
  > 80 | 48 (13.56%) | 16 (32.65%) |  | 20 (14.08%) | 8 (47.06%) |  |
Population,n(%) | ||||||
 Han | 316 (89.27%) | 46 (93.88%) | 0.317 | 124 (87.32%) | 13 (76.47%) | 0.221 |
 Hui | 38 (10.73%) | 3 (6.12%) |  | 18 (12.68%) | 4 (23.53%) |  |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.82 ± 3.55 | 23.14 ± 3.36 | 0.208 | 23.21 ± 3.86 | 24.13 ± 3.38 | 0.351 |
HU values | 123.72 ± 38.44 | 116.12 ± 29.44 | 0.108 | 119.91 ± 36.90 | 111.06 ± 28.11 | 0.249 |
History of diabetes,n(%) | ||||||
 No | 320 (90.40%) | 46 (93.88%) | 0.429 | 130 (91.55%) | 15 (88.24%) | 0.649 |
 Yes | 34 (9.60%) | 3 (6.12%) |  | 12 (8.45%) | 2 (11.76%) |  |
History of hypertension,n(%) | ||||||
 No | 195 (55.08%) | 23 (46.94%) | 0.284 | 81 (57.04%) | 11 (64.71%) | 0.545 |
 Yes | 159 (44.92%) | 26 (53.06%) |  | 61 (42.96%) | 6 (35.29%) |  |
History of fractures,n(%) | ||||||
 No | 309 (87.29%) | 36 (73.47%) | 0.010 | 133 (93.66%) | 16 (94.12%) | 0.942 |
 Yes | 45 (12.71%) | 13 (26.53%) |  | 9 (6.34%) | 1 (5.88%) |  |
Augmentation segment,n(%) | ||||||
 T4-T9 | 35 (9.89%) | 2 (4.08%) | 0.065 | 17 (11.97%) | 0 | 0.307 |
 T10-L2 | 192 (54.24%) | 35 (71.43%) |  | 85 (59.86%) | 11 (64.71%) |  |
 L3-L5 | 127 (35.88%) | 12 (24.49%) |  | 40 (28.17%) | 6 (35.29%) |  |
Surgical method,n(%) | Â | Â | 0.396 | Â | Â | 0.325 |
 PVP | 194 (54.80%) | 30 (61.22%) |  | 74 (52.11%) | 11 (64.71%) |  |
 PKP | 160 (45.20%) | 19 (38.78%) |  | 68 (47.89%) | 6 (35.30%) |  |
Bone cement dosage, ml | 4.02 ± 1.13 | 4.43 ± 0.88 | 0.014 | 3.81 ± 0.87 | 4.56 ± 0.77 | 0.001 |
Bone cement leakage,n(%) | ||||||
 No | 238 (67.23%) | 20 (40.82%) | < 0.001 | 97 (68.31%) | 5 (29.41%) | 0.002 |
 Yes | 116 (32.77%) | 29 (59.18%) |  | 45 (31.69%) | 12 (70.59%) |  |
Bone cement dispersion,n(%) | ||||||
 No | 102 (28.81%) | 33 (67.35%) | < 0.001 | 38 (26.76%) | 9 (52.94%) | 0.025 |
 Yes | 252 (71.19%) | 16 (32.65%) |  | 104 (73.24%) | 8 (47.06%) |  |
Contact between bone cement and endplate,n(%) | ||||||
 No | 53 (14.97%) | 28 (57.14%) | < 0.001 | 24 (16.90%) | 5 (29.41%) | 0.207 |
 Yes | 301 (85.03%) | 21 (42.86%) |  | 118 (83.10%) | 12 (70.59%) |  |
Available anti-osteoporotic treatment,n(%) | ||||||
 No | 95 (26.84%) | 36 (73.47%) | < 0.001 | 40 (28.17%) | 13 (76.47%) | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 259 (73.16%) | 13 (26.53%) |  | 102 (71.83%) | 4 (23.53%) |  |
Pre-op AVH, mm | 14.73 ± 3.08 | 14.69 ± 2.91 | 0.936 | 14.89 ± 3.26 | 14.74 ± 2.62 | 0.852 |
Post-op AVH, mm | 17.66 ± 3.03 | 17.98 ± 2.93 | 0.482 | 17.70 ± 3.19 | 18.08 ± 2.17 | 0.630 |
AVHRR(%) | 9.70 ± 3.45 | 10.69 ± 2.45 | 0.053 | 9.28 ± 3.03 | 10.72 ± 2.42 | 0.061 |
Pre-op Cobb angle(°) | 26.97 ± 5.95 | 26.01 ± 4.69 | 0.278 | 28.33 ± 6.22 | 27.14 ± 4.25 | 0.444 |
Post-op Cobb angle(°) | 17.32 ± 3.70 | 15.27 ± 4.07 | < 0.001 | 17.64 ± 3.97 | 15.34 ± 5.92 | 0.035 |
Cobb angle restoration(%) | 34.49 ± 12.33 | 40.55 ± 13.86 | 0.002 | 36.33 ± 14.02 | 43.64 ± 17.06 | 0.049 |