Table 2 Microbiological findings and the cause of hip septic arthritis

Anagnostakos et al. 2016 [11] (Germany)

MSSA (72.7%)

Negative culture (27.3%)

N.A.

Bauer et al. 2010 [12] (France)

MSSA (40.9%)

Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (27.3%)

Streptococcus species (13.6%)

Gram - bacteria (not specified) (9.1%)

Polymicrobial (9.1%)

Post-operative (54.5%)

Hematogenous (45.5%)

Chen et al. 2008 [13] (China)

MRSA (28.6%)

MSSA (21.4%)

Salmonella species (10.7%)

Escherichia coli (10.7%)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.6%)

viridans Streptococcus (3.6%)

Prevotella melaninogenica (3.6%)

Enterococcus species (3.6%)

Enterobacter cloacae (3.6%)

Polymicrobial (10.7%)

N.A.

Cho et al. 2018 [14] (South Korea)

MSSA (40.0%)

Other (20.0%)

Negative culture (40.0%)

N.A.

Choe et al. 2015 [15] (Japan)

MRSA (37%)

MSSA (7.4%)

Streptococcus agalactiae (3.7%)

Escherichia coli (3.7%)

Staphylococcus epidermidis (3.7%)

Bacillus (not specified) (3.7%)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.7%)

Enterococcus faecalis (3.7%)

Negative culture (29.6%)

N.A.

El Ganzoury et al. 2015 [16] (Egypt)

MSSA (48%);

Staphylococcus epidermidis (30%)

N.A.

Ferrand et al. 2016 [17] (France)

N.A.

N.A.

Fleck et al. 2011 [18] (USA)

MSSA (35.7%)

MRSA (21.4%)

Other (not specified) (21.4%)

Negative culture (21.4%)

Hematogenous (64.3%)

After local injection (14.3%)

Post-traumatic (21.4%)

Flores-Robles et al. 2019 [3] (Spain)

MSSA (39.7%)

MRSA (6.4%)

Staphylococcus capitis (4.8%)

Staphylococcus epidermidis (1.6%)

Streptococcus mitis (3.2%)

Streptococcus milleri (1.6%)

Streptococcus oralis (1.6%)

Streptococcus agalactiae (4.8%)

Streptococcus pneumoniae (1.6%)

Enterococcus faecalis (1.6%)

Escherichia coli (3.2%)

Fusobacterium nucleatum (1.6%)

Nocardia cyriacigeorgica (1.6%)

Eikenella corrodens (3.2%)

Negative culture (23.8%)

Hematogenous (65.3%)

Infiltration (12%)

Catheter (6%)

Fukushima et al. 2021 [19] (Japan)

Staphylococcus species (not specified) (20%)

Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B) (20%)

Haemophilus influenzae (20%)

MSSA (20%)

Negative culture (20%)

N.A.

Gao et al. 2010 [20] (China)

N.A.

N.A.

Huang et al. 2010 [26] (Taiwan)

MSSA (28.6%)

MRSA (28.6%)

Other (not specified) (21.4%)

Negative culture (21.4%)

N.A.

Hunter et al. 2015 [5] (USA)

MSSA (45%)

Negative culture (36%)

N.A.

Kaminski et al. 2007 [21] (Germany)

MSSA (60%)

Staphylococcus haemolyticus (20%)

Staphylococcus intermedius (20%)

Intra venous drug abuser (40%)

Kao et al. 2019 [1] (Taiwan)

Staphylococcus (3.9%)

MRSA (2.0%)

Streptococcus species (2.0%)

Escherichia coli (3.9%)

Salmonella species (3.9%)

Corynebacterium (2.0%)

Polymicrobial (3.9%)

Negative culture (78.4%)

N.A.

Khazi et al. 2020 [22] (USA)

N.A.

N.A.

Kim et al. 2003 [23] (South Korea)

N.A.

N.A.

Kim et al. 2009 [4] (South Korea)

MSSA (85%)

Streptococcus pneumoniae (5%)

Hemophilus influenzae (5%)

Salmonella species (2%)

Neisseria meningitidis (2%)

Escherichia coli (2%)

N.A.

Kim et al. 2018 [24] (South Korea)

MSSA (42.9%)

Streptococcus Agalactiae (14.2%)

Negative culture (42.9%)

N.A.

Kunze et al. 2020 [25] (USA)

MSSA (14.3%)

MRSA (9.4%)

Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus (23.8%)

Serratia marcescens (4.8%)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.4%)

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) (2.4%)

Group G Streptococcus (2.4%)

Streptococcus viridans (4.8%)

Culture results undocumented in existing charts (11.9%)

Negative culture from culturing tissue collected at stage 1 (26.2%)

N.A.

Lee et al. 2014 [27] (South Korea)

MSSA (44.4%)

Negative culture (55.6%)

N.A.

Li et al. 2016 [28] (China)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (100%)

Haematogenous (100%)

Lustig et al. 2007 [29] (France)

Mycobacterium tubercolosis (47.1%)

Staphylococcus aureus (52.9%)

N.A.

Nusem et al. 2006 [30] (Australia)

MSSA (66.6%)

Other (not specified) (16.7%)

Negative culture (16.7%)

N.A.

Ohtsuru et al. 2016 [31] (Japan)

MRSA (33.3%)

MSSA (20.0%)

MRSE (13.3%)

Streptococcus agalactiae (6.7%)

Enterococcus faecalis (6.7%)

Bacteroides fragilis (6.7%)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (6.7%)

Negative culture (6.7%)

Incidence of infection at another location: 57.1% (group A); 40% (group B).

Compromising factors (pyogenic cervical osteomyelitis or septic arthritis of the knee, removal of a foreign body from the buttocks, haemodialysis, diabetes, drainage of pus from recalcitrant pressure sores on the buttocks): 57.1% (group A); 100 (group B)

Papanna et al. 2017 [32] (Japan)

MSSA (33.3%)

MRSA (2.78%)

Other (not specified) (2.78%)

Negative culture (61.1%)

N.A.

Park et al. 2005 [33] (South Korea)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (34.7%)

Pyogenic (not specified) (65.3%)

N.A.

Romanò et al. 2012 [41] (Italy)

MSSA (50%)

MRSA (20%)

Negative culture (20%)

Others (not specified) (25%)

Haematogenous (42.1%)

Post-operative (Post-osteosynthesis) (57.9%)

After a local injection (5.3%)

Russo et al. 2021 [35] (Italy)

MSSA (28%)

MRSA (12%)

Streptococcus species (4%)

Pseudomonas species (8%)

Mycobacterium species (8%)

Escherichia coli (4%)

Proteus species (4%)

Polymicrobial (8%)

Negative culture (24%)

Post-operative (16%)

Post-infiltrative (8%)

Primary (76%)

Schroder et al. 2016 [36] (Germany)

MSSA (28.2%)

Other (not specified) (43.8%)

Negative culture (28.2%)

N.A.

Shen et al. 2013 [37] (China)

N.A.

N.A.

Xu et al. 2019 [38] (China)

Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (27.3%)

MSSA (3.6%)

Resistant organism (not specified) (3.6%)

Gram-negative organism (not specified) (10.9%)

Polymicrobial (9.1%)

Other organism (14.5%)

Negative culture (30.9%)

Haematogenous (9.1%)

Post-operative (69.1%)

After a local injection (5.5%)

Unknown (16.4%)

Yamamoto et al. 2001 [39] (Japan)

MSSA (50.0%)

Other (not specified) (50.0%)

Steroidal drugs to treat a subarachnoid hemorrhage and thrombophlebitis of the leg (1 patient, 25%);

Treatment for diabetes for 25 years (1 patient, 25%);

Yoo et al. 2009 [40] (South Korea)

N.A.

N.A.