Roles of multimodal intra-operative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) in percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: a case series of 113 patients

Table 2 List of patients’ IONM tests with postoperative neurological deficits (n = 7)

N	Region	Mainly monitored muscles	preoperative deficit	OP time	baseline	Test With EP Changes	Neurological deterioration	Recovery Time
1	L4-L5	Tibialis anterior	+	200 min	Pathological ncEP	MEP EMG	motor deficit sensory deficit	5 day
2	L3- L4	Rectus femoris	–	180 min	All potentials normal	MEP EMG	motor deficit	5 day
3	L3- L4	Rectus femoris	–	190 min	All potentials normal	MEP SEP	motor deficit	7 day
4	L5-S1	Gastrocnemius lateral head	–	210 min	All potentials norma	SEP MEP EMG	motor deficit sensory deficit	6 day
5	L5-S1	Gastrocnemius lateral head	+	170 min	Pathological ncEP	MEP EMG	motor deficit	5 day
6	L3- L5	Rectus femoris, Tibialis anterior	–	220 min	All potentials normal	SEP EMG	sensory deficit motor deficit	7 day
7	L4-L5	Tibialis anterior	–	160 min	All potentials norma	MEP SEP	motor deficit	7 day

IONM intra-operative neurophysiological monitoring, OP operation, M man, F faman, EMG electromyography, SSEP spino-spinal evoked potentials, MEP spino-muscular evoked potentials, EP evoked Potentia

ISSN: 1471-2474