Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of participants. Data presented as median (IQR) or mean (±SD) or n (%)

Men

N = 347

N = 54

N = 188

N = 105

Age (yr)

70.8 (66.1–78.6)

75.9 (68.2–82.4)

70.9 (66.2–79.2)

70.1 (64.9–74.7)

0.003

Weight (kg)

85.0 ± 13.9

88.4 ± 15.7

84.5 ± 14.2

84.2 ± 12.0

0.141

Height (cm)

173.6 ± 7.0

172.2 ± 7.2

173.6 ± 7.1

174.5 ± 6.6

0.139

BMI (kg/m²)

28.2 ± 4.0

29.8 ± 4.5

28.0 ± 4.0

27.6 ± 3.6

0.004

FMI (kg/m²)

8.6 ± 3.1

10.0 ± 3.3

8.5 ± 3.1

8.0 ± 2.8

0.001

Prior fracture

50 (14.4)

12 (22.2)

26 (13.8)

12 (11.4)

0.175

CCI

0 (0–2)

0.5 (0.0–2.0)

0 (0–2.0)

0 (0–2.0)

0.898

Femoral neck BMD (g/cm²)

1.0 ± 0.1

1.0 ± 0.2

0.9 ± 0.1

1.0 ± 0.1

0.421

BUA^a (dB/MHz)

115.4 ± 15.2

112.7 ± 15.7

115.2 ± 15.3

117.1 ± 14.8

0.219

SOS^a (m/s)

1564.6 ± 56.1

1556.6 ± 36.5

1564.0 ± 41.7

1569.7 ± 81.5

0.376

SI^a

95.3 ± 19.0

90.7 ± 19.0

94.7 ± 19.1

98.8 ± 18.4

0.029

ALMI (kg/m²)

8.4 ± 1.0

8.0 ± 1.0

8.4 ± 1.0

8.5 ± 0.9

0.002

HGS^a (kg)

22.1 ± 8.5

14.4 ± 5.0

22.4 ± 9.1

25.7 ± 5.8

< 0.001

Smoking

23 (6.6)

3 (5.5)

12 (6.4)

8 (7.6)

0.867

Alcohol

49 (14.1)

7 (13.0)

23 (12.2)

19 (18.1)

0.372

SES

0.033

 Low

113 (32.6)

22 (40.7)

68 (36.2)

23 (21.9)

 Medium

74 (21.3)

14 (25.9)

35 (18.6)

25 (23.8)

 High

160 (46.1)

18 (33.3)

85 (45.2)

57 (54.3)

Women

N = 360

N = 62

N = 199

N = 99

Age (yr)

71.0 (65.2–77.5)

77.5 (70.0–84.8)

70.9 (65.2–76.6)

67.5 (63.8–72.8)

< 0.001

Weight (kg)

73.8 ± 15.6

73.9 ± 18.5

74.7 ± 15.2

72.0 ± 14.6

0.378

Height (cm)

159.5 ± 6.2

156.8 ± 5.9

159.7 ± 6.0

160.9 ± 6.3

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

29.0 ± 6.0

29.9 ± 6.9

29.3 ± 5.9

27.8 ± 5.2

0.049

FMI (kg/m²)

12.3 ± 4.8

12.2 ± 5.1

12.7 ± 4.8

11.5 ± 4.4

0.168

Prior fracture

95 (26.4)

24 (38.7)

50 (25.1)

21 (21.2)

0.041

CCI

0 (0–1)

1.0 (0–2.0)

0 (0–1.0)

0 (0–1.0)

< 0.001

Femoral neck BMD (g/cm²)

0.8 ± 0.1

0.8 ± 0.1

0.9 ± 0.1

0.8 ± 0.1

0.087

BUA^b (dB/MHz)

102.0 (92.9–111.5)

99.1 (92.7–108.7)

103.4 (93.6–112.2)

101.8 (91.4–111.1)

0.375

SOS^a (m/s)

1535.8 ± 43.5

1525.9 ± 46.1

1538.2 ± 49.9

1536.8 ± 25.6

0.233

SI^b

77.3 (68.9–88.5)

73.5 (66.3–83.5)

79.5 (69.0–90.5)

76.5 (69.0–88.3)

0.101

ALMI^b (kg/m²)

6.6 ± 0.9

6.4 ± 0.9

6.6 ± 0.9

6.7 ± 0.7

0.194

HGS^b (kg)

20.6 ± 5.9

14.8 ± 5.6

20.5 ± 5.3

24.9 ± 3.5

< 0.001

Smoking

21 (5.8)

3 (4.8)

16 (8.0)

2 (2.0)

0.106

Alcohol

11 (14.1)

0 (0)

7 (3.5)

4 (4.0)

0.298

SES

0.364

 Low

111 (30.8)

21 (33.9)

66 (33.2)

24 (24.2)

 Medium

142 (39.4)

27 (43.5)

74 (37.2)

41 (41.4)

 High

107 (29.7)

14 (22.6)

59 (29.6)

34 (34.3)