Table 1 Study inclusion and exclusion criteria

All articles on PLO published in English.

1. Basic research.

2. Editorials, letters or meeting abstract.

3. Studies that could not found full-text.

4. Studies that provided too little valuable information to be used for analysis.

5. Vertebral fractures that had no direct connection with pregnancy or occurred during pregnancy or lactation but having underlying diseases that led to osteoporosis.

6. Studies on fractures other than vertebral.