Table 2 Inter-observer reliability of physical examination tests in patients diagnosed as acute soft tissue shoulder injury
From: Interrater reliability of physical examination tests in the acute phase of shoulder injuries
Test | Valid N | Cohen’s Kappa (95% CI) | Agreement % |
|---|---|---|---|
Inability to abduct > 90°a | 42 | 0.90 (0.77–1.03) | 95% |
Painful arc | 42 | 0.56 (0.36–0.76) | 70% |
Abduction strength | 47 | 0.82 (0.64–0.99) | 91% |
Resisted abduction pain | 48 | 0.50 (0.25–0.74) | 75% |
Hawkins` test | 45 | 0.25 (0.01–0.48) | 72% |
External rotation reduced by ≥20°a | 40 | 0.68 (0.42–0.93) | 88% |
External rotation strength | 48 | 0.70 (0.48–0.92) | 88% |
Small finger test | 48 | 0.51 (0.24–0.79) | 81% |
External rotation lag sign | 39 | 0.40 (0.07–0.74) | 89% |
Belly-Press | 45 | 0.63 (0.25–1.01) | 93% |
Internal rotation lag sign ¤ | 48 | 1 (1.00–1.00) | 100% |
Internal rotation lag sign anteriorly b | 46 | – | 96% |
Linear weighted kappa (95% CI) | |||
Internal rotation AROM (4 levels) | 48 | 0.52 (0.29–0.74) | NA |