Targeting self-efficacy more important than dysfunctional behavioral cognitions in patients with longstanding chronic low back pain; a longitudinal study

Table 2 Mean (SD), paired t-test values, and Cohens’ d effect sizes (n = 524)

	Pre-treatment	Post-treatment	1 yr FU	Pre versus Post			Post versus 1 yr FU
	Pre-treatment	Post-treatment	1 yr FU	t_(1,523)	R²	d	t_(1,523)	R²
Primary outcome
Functional status	41.1 (14.1)	34.5 (14.5)	27.2 (16.4)	12.37	0.23	0.59	11.60	0.21
Secondary outcomes
Self-efficacy	32.4 (10.8)	43.5 (10.0)	43.1 (12.0)	−24.21	0.53	1.06	0.66	0.001
Dysfunctional behavioral cognitions
Catastrophizing	22.9 (8.8)	14.3 (7.0)	12.3 (7.5)	23.73	0.52	1.08	6.68	0.08
Fear of movement	39.6 (6.4)	32.7 (6.9)	31.8 (7.3)	23.01	0.50	1.06	3.11	0.02

Values in bold are statistically significant (p < 0.05)
FU 1 yr 1-year follow up; Pre pre-treatment assessment; Post post-treatment assessment
t t-value paired t-test; d Cohens’ d effect size
R² treatment effect

ISSN: 1471-2474