Fig. 1

Structural equation model for postoperative recovery after lumbar spine surgery. PA = physical activity as measured by accelerometer (average steps per day); PF = Physical function as measured by PROMIS; PSE = Pain self-efficacy as measured by Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire; Dep = Depressive symptoms as measured by Patient Health Questionnaire-9; Fear = Fear of movement as measured by 13-item Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia. *SEM models controlled for age, employment, comorbidities, prior spine surgery, group, and preoperative pain-self-efficacy, depression, fear of movement, physical function, and back and leg pain. **PSE, DEP and Fear were explored in separate SEM models