Table 1 A summary of the outcome measures
Measurements | Metric of measurement | Method of measurement | Time point of primary interest |
|---|---|---|---|
Primary outcomes | |||
 Self-reported pain | 0–10 (higher scores indicate more serious pain) | 11-point numerical pain rating scale | Baseline, and 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks after allocation |
 Self-reported function | 0–68 (higher scores indicate more serious dysfunction) | Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index (WOMAC) – physical function subscale | |
Secondary outcomes | |||
 Self-reported pain | 0–20 (higher scores indicate more serious pain) | WOMAC pain subscale | Baseline, and 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks after allocation |
 Functional performance | Metres (longer distance indicates better function) | 6-min walk test (6MWT) | |
Seconds (shorter time indicates better function) | Timed up & go (TUG) test | ||
 Sensitisation in resting state | Kilogram (lighter pressure indicates a greater degree of sensitisation or increased pain sensitivity) | Pressure pain threshold (PPT) | |
 Exercise-dependent sensitisation | 0–11 (higher scores indicate a greater degree of sensitisation or increased pain sensitivity) | Changes in self-reported pain pre-, post- and during exercise via 11-point numerical pain rating scale in exercise diaries | |
 Catastrophising | 0–52 (higher scores indicate a greater degree of pain catastrophising) | Pain catastrophising scale (PCS) | |
 Fear related to movements | 17–68 (higher scores indicate more serious fear) | Tampa scale for kinesiophobia (TSK) | |
 Self-trust in exercise | 0–70 (higher scores indicate stronger confidence) | Self-efficacy for exercise scale (SEES) | |
 Self-trust in pain | 0–50 (higher scores indicate stronger confidence) | Pain self-efficacy questionnaire (PSEQ) | |
 Acquisition of knowledge about KOA | 0–156 (higher scores indicate less knowledge of KOA) | Educational needs assessment tool (ENAT) | |
 Mental resilience | 10–50 (higher scores indicate stronger adaptation competence in the face of problems) | 10-item Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC-10) | |
 Perceived social support | 8–50 (higher scores indicate more satisfying social support) | Satisfaction with received social support (SRSS) | |
 Pain affecting social participation | 16–96 (higher scores indicate more serious impairment in social participation) | Pain inference subscale of the West Haven Yale multidimensional pain inventory (WHYMPI) | |
 Quality of life | Standardised scores for every section (higher scores indicate more serious impairment in social participation) | 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36) | Baseline, and 12 and 24 weeks after allocation |
Other assessments | |||
 Comorbid conditions | 1–41 (higher scores indicate more complex and dangerous comorbid conditions) | Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) | Baseline |
 Level of physical activity | Four levels divided into inactive, light-, moderate-, hard-, and very hard-intensity. | Stanford brief activity survey (SBAS) | |
 Overall mental health | 14–70 (higher scores indicate better psychological health) | Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being scale (WEMWBS) | |
 Drugs, physical therapies, and other therapies used | Type, frequency, duration | Self-report |  |