The effects on pain, physical function, and quality of life of quadriceps strengthening exercises combined with Baduanjin qigong in older adults with knee osteoarthritis: a quasi-experimental study

Table 4 Comparisons of self-efficacy and HRQoL among the three groups in different time points (n = 128)

Secondary Outcomes	BL	3rd MFU	6th MFU	Between groups (QSE vs. BDJ vs. CE)						Time × Group
	BL	3rd MFU	6th MFU	BL		3rd MFU		6th MFU
	(Mean ± SD)	(Mean ± SD)	(Mean ± SD)	F	P-value	F	P-value	F	P-value	F	P-value†
SF-12 PCS				0.062	0.940	1.741	0.180	4.233	0.017	7.470	< 0.001
QSE(n = 43)	41.35 ± 9.17	45.21 ± 9.23	44.33 ± 10.03
BDJ(n = 41)	41.62 ± 8.40	46.88 ± 10.44	45.88 ± 11.91
CE(n = 44)	42.05 ± 10.21	49.43 ± 12.04	51.42 ± 13.58
SF-12 MCS				0.033	0.968	2.267	0.108	3.890	0.023	10.207	< 0.001
QSE(n = 43)	44.77 ± 11.81	48.33 ± 11.38	47.45 ± 13.97
BDJ(n = 41)	45.35 ± 11.84	48.93 ± 11.28	48.40 ± 13.68
CE(n = 4))	45.31 ± 11.68	52.98 ± 10.59	54.61 ± 11.25
ASES-8				0.072	0.931	4.123	0.018	12.146	< 0.001	22.359	< 0.001
QSE(n = 43)	4.74 ± 0.83	5.44 ± 0.84	5.26 ± 1.17
BDJ(n = 41)	4.79 ± 0.69	5.53 ± 0.81	5.72 ± 1.16
CE(n = 44)	4.80 ± 0.76	5.92 ± 0.85	6.48 ± 1.22

† The repeated measures ANOVA was used to test the time by group interaction effects across the 3 time points of the study
ASES-8 Short form-8 item arthritis self-efficacy scale, SF-12 Short form-12 item health survey questionnaire, SF-12 PCS Physical component summary, SF-12 MCS Mental component summary, QSE Quadriceps strengthening exercise, BDJ Baduanjin qigong, CE The combined exercise of quadriceps strengthening exercise and baduanjin qigong, BL Baseline, MFU Month of follow-up, SD Standard deviation; p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant

ISSN: 1471-2474