Table 2 Crude and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for global perceived effect (GPE), dichotomized in improved (1-2) and not improved (3–7) and goal classes and demographical, anthropometric, psychosocial and disease-specific variables. Odds ratio > 1 indicates higher odds for reporting improved. N = 1384

Goal classes

<.001

.008

 Symptom only

Reference

Reference

 Function/structure included

1.44 (1.04 to 2.00)

.030

1.22 (.81 to 1.84)

.337

 Activity/participation included

1.98 (1.44 to 2.72)

<.001

1.80 (1.23 to 2.66)

.004

 Non-classifiable

.95 (.60 to 1.50)

.768

1.15 (.66 to 2.00)

.791

Age (years)

.99 (.99 to 1.00)

.037

.99 (.98 to 1.00)

.054

Gender (male is reference)

1.01 (.79 to 1.29)

.914

.82 (.62 to 1.09)

.112

BMI

1.00 (.99 to 1.02)

.592

Treatment belief ^a

<.001

<.001

 Totally agree

Reference

Reference

 Agree

.44 (.34 to.57)

<.001

.49 (.37 to .64)

<.001

 Neither agree nor disagree

.29 (.18 to.47)

<.001

.35 (.21 to .58)

<.001

Emotional distress (HSCL10, score 1–4),

.44 (.35 to.56)

<.001

.50 (.38 to .66)

<.001

Severity (score 0–10)

.95 (.88 to 1.01)

.108

Duration

<.001

  < 3 months

Reference

 3–12 months

1.0 (.68 to 1.46)

.986

  > 12 months

.62 (.44 to.86)

.004

Body region/diagnosis

<.001

.056

 Spinal

Reference

Reference

 Upper extremities

1.46 (1.05 to 2.03)

.026

1.17 (.79 to 1.73)

.435

 Lower extremities

1.34 (1.02 to 1.76)

.034

1.03 (.74 to 1.43)

.856

 Unspecific/multisite conditions

.54 (.36 to.80)

.003

.59 (.37 to .94)

.027