Table 1 Radiographic parameters investigated in the current study with so far published reference values in children/adolescents

Davids [7]

-

20° ± 9.8°

-

-

10° ± 7°

17° ± 6°

-

13° ±7.5° (1–35°)

49° ± 6.9°

Vanderwilde [8]

-

-

-

-

6° ± 7°

-

-

8° ±6°

39° ± 7°

DePellegrin [9]

-

-

-

-

-

20–30°

120–125°

-

15–20°

Hell[3]

Newborn: 40° (25–55°)

20° ± 9.8°

-

0°

10° ± 7°

-

120–125°

newborn: 20° (9–31°)

8 years of age: 5° (10–18°)

40° (25–55°)

Bourdet [6]

35–40°

-

-

5–30°

-

15–20°

-

0–10°

-

Benedetti [4]

inconsistent

0° ± 4°

-

-

-

-

120–125°

0° ± 4°

inconsistent