Table 1 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) clinical criteria for knee OA [22] Age ≥ 45 years old and Has activity related knee pain and Has either no morning knee-related stiffness or morning stiffness than last no longer than 30 min

Alternative diagnosis to knee OA e.g. referred pain from the spine or hip

Radiographic severity of knee OA, Kellgren-Lawrence Score [23] >  1

Other forms of arthritis e.g. inflammatory, post-traumatic

Knee Injury and OA Outcome Score [24] (KOOS₄)* ≤ 75

Inability to comply with study protocol e.g. cognitive impairment

Community ambulator with or without walking aid

Previous knee arthroplasty

Wheelchair-bound patients

Medical conditions that will medically interfere with study involvement e.g. decompensated heart failure, stroke, end-stage renal failure