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Table 2 Summary of therapeutic modalities performed in the included studies

From: Prognostic factors for overall survival in patients with spinal metastasis secondary to prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study ID

Treatment of primary prostate cancer

Adjuvant therapies prior to major treatment

Major treatment

Adjuvant therapies after major treatment

Indication for surgery

Reoperation

Complications

Ju, 2013 [15]

1) radical prostatectomy (n = 8);

2) TURP (n = 2);

3) EBRT (n = 14);

4) hormone treatment (23 GnRH agonists/ 1 orchiectomy)(n = 24);

5) chemotherapy (n = 10)

1) narcotics for pain management (n = 25);

2) steroids (n = 25);

3) RT to spinal lesions (n = 25)

a total of 31 procedures:

1)PDC(n = 24), ADC(n = 3), APDC(n = 4);

2) decompressive laminectomy (n = 12); corpectomy /+laminectomy (n = 19);

3)instrumentation: anterior(n = 3), posterior(n = 14), anterior+posterior(n = 11)

1) RT (n = 14)

1) rapidly progressive neurological deterioration;

2) spinal mechanical instability

4 for SCC

16

Meng, 2016 [16]

NA

none

1) thoracic and lumbar metastases:

PDC + pedicle screws and rods +titanium mesh (n = 10)/ cement-wire construct (n = 14);

2) cervical metastases: ADC (n = 1) /PDC(n = 3) /APDC(n = 1) + stable-angle plate osteosynthesis +pedicle screws

1)BP(n = 16)

1) rapidly progressive neurological deterioration;

2) pathologic fracture

NA

9

Huddart, 1997 [21]

NA

1)high-dose steroids(n = 47);

2) hormone therapy (n = 69)

1) RT (n = 57);

2) operation (n = 13)

none

–

–

NA

Williams, 2009 [22]

1) radical prostatectomy(n = 10);

2) EBRT (n = 24);

3) hormone treatment with LHRH agonists or orchiectomy (n = 44);

4) chemotherapy (n = 35)

1)narcotics(n = 40);

2)steroids(n = 28);

3) RT (n = 24)

a total of 47 procedures:

1)PDC(n = 19), ADC(n = 14), APDC(n = 14);

2)instrumentation: anterior (n = 10), posterior (n = 14), anterior +posterior (n = 7), PMMA (n = 12)

1) RT (n = 11);

2)narcotics;

3)steroids

1) intractable pain;

2) SCC;

3) progressive spinal involvement

3

15

Rades, 2012 [23]

NA

NA

1)short-course RT (n = 243);

2)longer-course RT(n = 193)

NA

–

–

NA

Crnalic, 2011 [24]

1) LHRH agonists (n = 34);

2) orchiectomy (n = 20);

3) radical prostatectomy (n = 1);

4) curative RT (n = 3);

5)antiandrogens(n = 29);

6) chemotherapy (n = 5)

1) high-dose steroids (n = 51);

2) RT to other site (n = 17);

3) RT to spinal site (n = 6);

4)BP(n = 3);

5) radioisotopes (n = 4);

6)low-dose prednisone (n = 11)

1) PDC (n = 29);

2)PDC + pedicle screws /+ hooks (n = 25)

1) RT (n = 35);

2) chemotherapy (n = 10);

3)BP(n = 8)

1) neurological defcit due to SCC

1 for subdural hematoma

19

Drzymalski, 2010 [25]

NA

NA

NA

NA

–

–

NA

Crnalic, 2012 [14]

1) LHRH agonists (n = 44);

2) orchiectomy (n = 24);

3) radical prostatectomy (n = 2);

4) curative radiation therapy (n = 7);

5) antiandrogens (n = 35);

6) chemotherapy (n = 10);

7) radioisotopes (n = 5)

1)high-dose steroids (n = 64);

2) radiotherapy to other metastases (n = 23);

3) zoledronic acid (n = 4);

4)low-dose prednisone (n = 11)

1)PDC(n = 42);

2)PDC+ pedicle screws /+ hooks(n = 26)

1) RT (n = 44)

1) neurological deficit

NA

24

Zakaria, 2018 [26]

NA

1) BP (n = 61);

2)anti-angiogenic drugs(n = 11)

1)SBRT(n = 92)

NA

–

–

NA

Rades, 2015 [27]

NA

NA

1)short-course RT (n = 144);

2)longer-course RT(n = 99)

NA

–

–

NA

Lehrmann-Lerche, 2019 [28]

1) castrationbased therapy (n = 76)

1)high-dose corticosteroids (n = 76)

1)RT(n = 72);

2) decompression surgery+RT (n = 4)

NA

–

–

NA

Weber, 2013 [29]

NA

NA

1) RT (n = 95)

NA

–

–

NA

  1. TURP Transurethral resection of the prostate, GnRH Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, PDC Posterior decompression, ADC Anterior decompression, APDC Anterior-posterior decompression, SCC Spinal cord compression, LHRH Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, PMMA Polymethylmethacrylate, RT Radiation therapy, BP Bisphosphonates, NA Not available