Table 2 Self-efficacy for pain at baseline, association with pain and physical activity at the follow-ups

Intercept

31.67 ± 0.81

< 0.01*

5.27 ± 0.15

< 0.01*

Time

< 0.01*

< 0.01*

1 = Baseline (ref)

47.98 ± 0.40

4.92 ± 0.08

2 = 3 months

37.07 ± 0.41

5.15 ± 0.08

3 = 1 year

37.47 ± 0.43

4.86 ± 0.08

Self-efficacy for pain management

< 0.01*

< 0.01*

0 = ≤62 (ref)

44.26 ± 0.40

4.90 ± 0.08

1 = > 62

37.43 ± 0.40

5.05 ± 0.07

Gender

< 0.01*

0.002

< 0.01*

< 0.01

0.010

< 0.01*

1 = Male

42.81 ± 0.28

40.25 ± 0.42

4.98 ± 0.03

4.73 ± 0.05

2 = Female (ref)

43.99 ± 0.18

41.45 ± 0.38

5.37 ± 0.05

5.07 ± 0.04

Age, yrs

0.05

0.001

0.06

< 0.01

0.003

< 0.01*

1 = ≤45 (ref)

44.80 ± 0.81

41.21 ± 0.72

4.63 ± 0.16

4.54 ± 0.08

2 = 46–75

43.77 ± 0.16

41.09 ± 0.32

5.27 ± 0.03

5.06 ± 0.04

3 = > 75

42.95 ± 0.39

40.26 ± 0.43

5.32 ± 0.08

5.10 ± 0.05

Born in Sweden

< 0.01*

0.002

< 0.01*

0.08

0.001

0.10

0 = No

48.26 ± 0.53

42.61 ± 0.52

5.10 ± 0.10

4.79 ± 0.06

1 = Yes (ref)

43.29 ± 0.15

39.09 ± 0.33

5.27 ± 0.03

5.01 ± 0.04

Marital status

< 0.01*

0.001

0.13

0.04

0.001

0.08

1 = Cohabiting (ref)

43.35 ± 0.17

40.65 ± 0.39

5.30 ± 0.03

4.90 ± 0.05

2 = Living alone

44.47 ± 0.28

41.05 ± 0.42

5.36 ± 0.05

4.89 ± 0.05

Education

< 0.01*

0.001

< 0.01*

0.09

0.000

0.15

1 = Compulsory school (ref)

44.41 ± 0.24

41.81 ± 0.42

5.32 ± 0.04

4.92 ± 0.05

2 = Upper secondary school

44.59 ± 0.25

42.06 ± 0.40

5.18 ± 0.05

4.88 ± 0.05

3 = University

41.39 ± 0.28

38.68 ± 0.42

5.27 ± 0.05

4.89 ± 0.05

Affected other hip/knee

< 0.01*

0.001

< 0.01*

0.81

0.000

0.79

0 = No

41.36 ± 0.22

39.00 ± 0.40

5.27 ± 0.04

4.89 ± 0.05

1 = Yes (ref)

45.86 ± 0.21

42.70 ± 0.40

5.25 ± 0.04

4.90 ± 0.05

Most affected joint

< 0.01*

0.001

< 0.01*

0.08

0.001

0.61

1 = Hip (ref)

45.36 ± 0.27

42.68 ± 0.42

5.32 ± 0.04

4.89 ± 0.05

2 = Knee

42.94 ± 0.18

39.02 ± 0.39

5.25 ± 0.02

4.90 ± 0.05

Difficulty walking

< 0.01*

0.025

< 0.01*

< 0.01

0.002

0.03*

0 = No (ref)

32.21 ± 0.36

34.86 ± 0.45

5.46 ± 0.05

4.84 ± 0.04

1 = Yes

45.81 ± 0.16

46.82 ± 0.37

5.23 ± 0.02

4.95 ± 0.05

BMI, kg/m²

< 0.01*

0.008

0.05

< 0.01

0.054

< 0.01*

1 = Underweight < 18.5

43.21 ± 0.92

40.40 ± 0.82

5.31 ± 0.14

4.74 ± 0.10

2 = Normal weight 18.5–24.9 (ref)

40.61 ± 0.29

38.83 ± 0.38

5.57 ± 0.04

5.28 ± 0.05

3 = Overweight 25–29.9

43.06 ± 0.22

40.45 ± 0.36

5.33 ± 0.03

5.00 ± 0.04

4 = Obese ≥ 30

47.40 ± 0.28

43.70 ± 0.39

4.86 ± 0.04

4.56 ± 0.05