Table 3 Hierarchical linear model results predicting chiropractic visit frequency for patients with chronic spinal pain

Enabling factors - p-values for block¹

Some insurance coverage for chiropractic – Reference = No coverage

Unknown insurance coverage

Need factors – pain characteristics - p-values for block¹

Rating of pain past 7 days (0–10), mean (SD)

Oswestry or Neck Disability Index score (0–100), mean (SD)

Have both CLBP and CNP

 1 year to less than 2 years

 2 years to less than 5 years

 5 years to less than 10 years

 10+ years

 Unknown

Need factors – lifestyle and point in care - p-values for block¹

 Non-workday heavy labor: > 0% but < 20%

 Workday heavy labor: > 0% but < 20%

 Non-workday heavy labor: > 20%

 Workday heavy labor: > 20%

 Heavy labor: missing

New patient (< 30 days)

Unknown time with this chiropractor

Ended care during study period

Perceived need factors – goals for treatment - p-values for block¹

Perceived need factors – pain beliefs - p-values for block¹

Perceived need factors – other psychological factors - p-values for block¹

Predisposing factors - p-values for block¹

Age in years

Female

Education: At least a 4-year degree

Chiropractor practice characteristics - p-values for block¹

Average number of patients treated per day

Percentage of patients on preventive/maintenance

 In practice > 10 to 20 years

 In practice > 20 to 30 years

 In practice > 30 years

Clinic location is urban (> 50,000 population)

Average number of physical modalities used

College from which chiropractor graduated - p-value for block¹

State/Region - p-value for block¹

 Florida

 Minnesota

 New York

 Oregon

 Texas