Table 2 Means and frequencies of each predictor variable in each sample in order of model entry
All figures are n (%) unless otherwise indicated | Chronic Low Back Pain (n = 852) | Chronic Neck Pain (n = 705) | p-value for difference between groups |
|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) # chiropractic visits/month | 2.3 (2.2) | 2.3 (2.0) | .900 |
Enabling factors | |||
 Some insurance coverage for chiropractic | 590 (69.2%) | 475 (67.4%) | .520 |
 Unknown insurance coverage | 44 (5.2%) | 28 (4.0%) |  |
Need factors – pain characteristics | |||
 Rating of pain past 7 days (0–10), mean (SD) | 3.7 (2.1) | 4.0 (2.1) | .004 |
 Oswestry or Neck Disability Index score (0–100), mean (SD) | 20.5 (12.5) | 22.6 (12.5) | .001 |
 Have both CLBP and CNP | 444 (52.1%) | 428 (60.7%) | .001 |
Years of pain | Â | Â | .278 |
 Less than 1 year | 107 (12.6%) | 80 (11.3%) |  |
 1 year to less than 2 years | 58 (6.8%) | 38 (5.4%) |  |
 2 years to less than 5 years | 115 (13.5%) | 112 (15.9%) |  |
 5 years to less than 10 years | 134 (15.7%) | 133 (18.9%) |  |
 10+ years | 418 (49.1%) | 324 (46.0%) |  |
 Unknown | 20 (2.3%) | 18 (2.6%) |  |
Need factors – lifestyle and point in care | |||
 No heavy labor | 401 (47.1%) | 375 (53.2%) | .063 |
 Non-workday heavy labor: > 0% but < 20% | 108 (12.7%) | 68 (9.6%) |  |
  Workday heavy labor: > 0% but < 20% | 163 (19.1%) | 140 (19.9%) |  |
 Non-workday heavy labor: > 20% | 30 (3.5%) | 15 (2.1%) |  |
 Workday heavy labor: > 20% | 87 (10.2%) | 58 (8.2%) |  |
 Heavy labor: missing | 63 (7.4%) | 49 (7.0%) |  |
 New patient (< 30 days) | 94 (11.0%) | 73 (10.4%) | .763 |
 Unknown time with this chiropractor | 145 (17.0%) | 113 (16.0%) |  |
 Ended care during study period | 57 (6.7%) | 29 (4.1%) | 0.027 |
Perceived need factors – goals for treatment |  |  | .001 |
 Goal: prevent pain getting worse | 120 (14.1%) | 84 (11.9%) |  |
 Goal: prevent pain coming back; prevent reinjury | 178 (20.9%) | 107 (15.2%) |  |
 Goal: ease or make pain go away temporarily | 268 (31.5%) | 290 (41.1%) |  |
 Goal: make pain go away permanently | 276 (32.4%) | 218 (30.9%) |  |
 Goal: other or missing | 10 (1.2%) | 6 (0.9%) |  |
Perceived need factors – pain beliefs | |||
 Believe their pain is chronic | 572 (67.1%) | 474 (67.2%) | .967 |
 What pain would be if didn’t see chiropractor 0–10, mean (SD) | 6.8 (2.3) | 6.9 (2.2) | .179 |
 Chronic pain will never go away: agree/strongly agree | 235 (27.6%) | 198 (28.1%) | <.001 |
 Important to understand causes of pain: agree/strongly agree | 801 (94.0%) | 669 (94.9%) | .452 |
 Unsafe to be physically active: agree/strongly agree | 53 (6.2%) | 25 (3.5%) | .016 |
Perceived need factors – other psychological influences | |||
 Pain management self-efficacy (0–10), mean (SD) | 7.5 (1.8) | 7.7 (1.7) | .061 |
 Expect chiropractic very-extremely successful | 611 (71.7%) | 542 (76.9%) | .021 |
 Expect a lot to quite a bit of improvement | 538 (63.1%) | 447 (63.4%) | .916 |
 Worry about pain: mod to all the time | 152 (17.8%) | 116 (16.5%) | .471 |
 Has depression according to PROMIS items | 215 (25.2%) | 188 (26.7%) | .521 |
 Catastrophizing (0–12 scale), mean (SD) | 2.3 (2.3) | 2.2 (2.3) | .389 |
Predisposing factors | |||
 Age in years | 48.5 (14.9) | 45.8 (13.2) | <.001 |
 Female | 558 (65.5%) | 579 (82.1%) | <.001 |
 Education: At least a 4-year degree | 462 (54.2%) | 413 (58.6%) | .085 |
Chiropractor practice characteristics | |||
 Average number of patients treated per day | 25.3 (12.8) | 25.6 (12.3) | .612 |
 Percentage of patients on preventive/maintenance | 23.7 (17.3) | 24.1 (17.4) | .660 |
 In practice 5 to 10 years | 100 (11.7%) | 84 (11.9%) | .598 |
 In practice > 10 to 20 years | 268 (31.5%) | 222 (31.5%) |  |
 In practice > 20 to 30 years | 258 (30.3%) | 231 (32.8%) |  |
 In practice > 30 years | 226 (26.5%) | 168 (23.8%) |  |
 Clinic location is urban (> 50,000 population) | 541 (63.5%) | 477 (67.7%) | .086 |
 Average number of physical modalities used | 3.3 (1.4) | 3.2 (1.4) | .849 |
College from which chiropractor graduated | Â | Â | .344 |
 Life College | 79 (9.3%) | 63 (8.9%) |  |
 National College of Chiropractic [fix order later] | 46 (5.4%) | 42 (6.0%) |  |
 Los Angeles College of Chiropractic | 28 (3.3%) | 29 (4.1%) |  |
 New York Chiropractic College | 90 (10.6%) | 54 (7.7%) |  |
 Northwestern Chiropractic College | 212 (24.9%) | 199 (28.2%) |  |
 Palmer Chiropractic College | 106 (12.4%) | 94 (13.3%) |  |
 Parker Chiropractic College | 73 (8.6%) | 45 (6.4%) |  |
 Texas Chiropractic College | 81 (9.5%) | 58 (8.2%) |  |
 University of Western States | 106 (12.4%) | 97 (13.8%) |  |
 Other | 31 (3.6%) | 24 (3.4%) |  |
State/Region | Â | Â | .038 |
 California | 130 (15.3%) | 125 (17.7%) |  |
 Florida | 71 (8.3%) | 56 (7.9%) |  |
 Minnesota | 208 (24.4%) | 199 (28.2%) |  |
 New York | 155 (18.2%) | 99 (14.0%) |  |
 Oregon | 117 (13.7%) | 111 (15.7%) |  |
 Texas | 171 (20.1%) | 115 (16.3%) |  |