Definitions of unfavorable surgical outcomes and their risk factors based on disability score after spine surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis

Table 2 Multivariate logistic regression model of risk factors for unfavorable outcomes in the PRO score and the MCID method groups

Characteristics	PRO score method		MCID method
Characteristics	Odds Ratio(95% Confidence Interval)	P value	Odds Ratio(95% Confidence Interval)	P value
Age (years)	*1.032 (0.996–1.069)*	*0.080*	*1.026 (0.990–1.063)*	*0.166*
BMI (kg/m²)	*0.950 (0.875–1.030)*	*0.213*	*0.993 (0.908–1.085)*	*0.874*
*Sex (Female*)	*2.340 (1.211–4.520)*	*0.011*	*1.496 (0.708–3.162)*	*0.292*
Type of surgery (Decompression)			*1.161 (0.606–2.225)*	*0.652*
Educational level (vs. university)
*Elementary school*	*2.875 (1.075–7.688)*	*0.035*	*1.299 (0.481–3.506)*	*0.606*
Middle school	*1.082 (0.456–2.566)*	*0.859*	*0.718 (0.283–1.819)*	*0.485*
High school	*0.859 (0.380–1.943)*	*0.715*	*0.892 (0.372–2.138)*	*0.798*
Hypertension	*1.387 (0.714–2.697)*	*0.334*
Preoperative ODI	*2.340 (1.211–4.520)*	*0.028*	*0.920 (0.897–0.944)*	*< 0.001*

Mean ± standard deviation; PRO score method divided the patients into favorable and unfavorable outcome groups by ODI scores ≤22 and ODI scores > 22, respectively; MCID method divided the patients into more and less-improved outcome groups based on a decrease in ODI scores by greater than 12.8 or less; VAS Visual analog scale; ODI Oswestry disability index

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