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Table 3 Hazard ratios for unemployment with 95% confidence intervals

From: Health, work and demographic factors associated with a lower risk of work disability and unemployment in employees with lower back, neck and shoulder pain

 

Crude

Adjusted sex, age and education

All significant variables in same model

Co-twin analyses of discordant twin pairs

(n = 93 pairs)

Sex

 Male

0.84 (0.71–1.00)

   

 Female

ref

   

Age

 19–28

1.57 (1.27–1.94)

 

1.38 (1.09–1.74)

 

 29–37

1.14 (0.95–1.38)

 

1.09 (0.89–1.35)

 

 38–47

ref

 

ref

 

Education

 Primary

1.90 (1.45–2.48)

 

1.91 (1.44–2.52)

2.55 (0.76–8.59)

 Secondary

ref

 

ref

 

 Higher education

0.87 (0.73–1.05)

 

0.95 (0.78–1.16)

1.05 (0.46–2.39)

Back pain

 LBP

0.68 (0.55–0.85)

0.74 (0.59–0.93)

0.80 (0.63–1.02)

0.38 (0.17–0.87)

 NSP

0.83 (0.69–1.00)

0.85 (0.70–1.04)

0.90 (0.73–1.11)

0.92 (0.50–1.72)

 LBP & NSP

ref

ref

ref

ref

MDD/GAD

 No

0.59 (0.47–0.73)

0.62 (0.49–0.78)

0.68 (0.55–0.83)

0.55 (0.27–1.10)

 Yes

ref

ref

ref

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Self-rated health

 Excellent

0.61 (0.42–0.88)

0.66 (0.45–0.97)

0.88 (0.58–1.34)

0.96 (0.22–4.25)

 Good

0.56 (0.40–0.80)

0.60 (0.41–0.86)

0.76 (0.51–1.13)

1.38 (0.35–5.44)

 Moderate

0.91 (0.63–1.30)

0.91 (0.62–1.32)

1.01 (0.67–1.50)

1.24 (0.33–4.74)

 Not good/Poor

ref

ref

ref

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Physical activity

 None/low

1.09 (0.84–1.41)

1.08 (0.82–1.41)

 

0.72 (0.31–1.69)

 Moderate

ref

ref

 

ref

 High

1.08 (0.86–1.36)

1.06 (0.83–1.35)

 

1.17 (0.53–2.55)

 Vigourous

0.85 (0.63–1.14)

0.91 (0.67–1.23)

 

0.84 (0.31–2.25)

Regular analgesia

 No

0.96 (0.82–1.13)

0.99 (0.83–1.18)

 

0.82 (0.47–1.43)

 Yes

ref

ref

 

ref

Work variables

 Job demands 1–4

0.95 (0.81–1.10)

0.91 (0.77–1.07)

 

0.87 (0.53–1.44)

 Job control 1–4

0.55 (0.48–0.63)

0.60 (0.52–0.69)

0.62 (0.52–0.72)

0.59 (0.34–1.02)

 Job support 1–4

0.70 (0.59–0.84)

0.69 (0.57–0.82)

0.85 (0.70–1.03)

0.88 (0.53–1.45)

 Low strain

0.50 (0.38–0.66)

0.52 (0.39–0.69)

0.58 (0.43–0.77)

0.47 (0.18–1.22)

 Passive

0.90 (0.70–1.17)

0.87 (0.66–1.14)

0.95 (0.72–1.25)

0.95 (0.32–2.87)

 Active

0.56 (0.44–0.71)

0.61 (0.47–0.79)

0.64 (0.49–0.84)

0.68 (0.28–1.67)

 Strain

0.71 (0.51–1.00)

0.68 (0.48–0.97)

0.75 (0.53–1.06)

0.91 (0.30–2.72)

 Iso-strain

ref

ref

ref

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  1. Statistically significant HRs are marked in bold