Table 3 Adjusted associations between individual-level and state-level variables with length of disability estimated by multivariable multilevel regression (model 5)

Intercept

3.346

0.055

28.4

25.4, 31.7

<.001

 Female

0.040

0.017

1.2

0.2,

.02

 Male^a

2.2

2

Age

0.005

< 0.001

0.1

0.1, 0.2

<.001

Tenure

−0.004

0.001

−0.1

− 0.2, − 0.1

<.001

AWW/$100

0.013

0.005

0.4

0.1, 0.6

.004

 Mining

0.443

0.053

15.8

11.5, 20.6

<.001

 Construction

0.182

0.048

5.7

2.6, 9.0

<.001

 Transportation

0.247

0.044

7.9

4.9, 11.2

<.001

 Agriculture

0.081

0.059

2.4

−1.0, 6.2

.167

 Manufacturing

0.117

0.044

3.5

0.9, 6.4

.008

 Wholesale trade

0.076

0.045

2.2

−0.4, 5.1

.096

 Retail trade

0.118

0.045

3.6

0.9, 6.5

.009

 Services

0.091

0.044

2.7

0.1, 5.5

.038

 Public administration

0.068

0.048

2.0

− 0.7, 5.0

.157

 Finance^a

 More severe

0.085

0.010

2.5

1.9, 3.2

<.001

 Less severe^a

Early Opioid/100 mg MEA

0.014

0.002

0.4

0.3, 0.5

<.001

 Yes

0.402

0.022

9.4

8.5, 10.2

<.001

 No^a

 Yes

0.712

0.022

29.5

27.1, 32.1

<.001

 No^a

 Yes

1.152

0.009

61.4

59.8, 63.1

<.001

 No^a

Median household income ($)

−0.007

0.002

−0.2

−0.3, −0.1

<.001

State physician density

<−0.001

< 0.001

0.0

0.0,0.0

.063

State Orthopedic surgeons density

0.042

0.018

1.2

0.2, 2.3

.021

MRI facility rate

−0.182

0.037

−4.7

−6.4, −2.9

<.001

Wage replacement rate

0.004

0.003

0.1

0.0, 0.3

.116

Waiting Period

0.069

0.007

2.0

1.6, 2.5

<.001

Retroactive Period

0.006

0.002

0.2

0.1, 0.3

<.001

 Allowed

0.332

0.034

11.2

8.5, 14.0

<.001

 Not allowed^a

 Allowed

0.114

0.031

3.4

1.5, 5.5

<.001

 Allowed once

−0.114

0.033

−3.1

−4.7, −1.4

<.001

 Not allowed^a

 Yes

0.098

0.020

2.9

1.7, 4.2

<.001

 No^a

Unemployment rate

0.011

0.006

0.3

0.0, 0.7

.066

MRI (yes) X State Orthopedic surgeons density

MRI (No) X State Orthopedic surgeons density^a

0.053

0.014

1.5

0.7, 2.2

<.001

MRI (yes) X Dr choice (yes)

MRI (yes) X Dr choice (no)^a

0.099

0.030

2.7

1.1, 4.2

.002

MRI (Yes) X male gender

MRI (Yes) X female gender^a

−0.047

0.019

−1.4

−2.6, −0.2

.002

MRI (yes) X MRI facility density

MRI (no) X MRI facility density^a

−0.058

0.023

−1.7

−3.1, −0.3

.014