Table 2 Summary of review findings: predictors of mortality

Age

Greater mortality with increasing age

20/20

[48,49,50,51,52,53,54, 56, 59, 63, 65,66,67,68,69,70, 76, 79, 81, 93]

Gender

Males have higher mortality

15/15

[49,50,51, 53, 56, 57, 59, 63, 66,67,68, 70, 81, 93, 96]

Institutional care homes residence

Greater mortality in institutional care homes

4/4

[49, 51, 53, 65]

Co-morbidities

• Greater mortality with multiple co-morbidities

14/15

[48, 50,51,52,53,54, 56, 59, 66, 68, 72, 79, 82, 88]

• Greater mortality with less co-morbidities

1/15

[93]

American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA)

• Greater mortality with higher ASA score

• ASA does not predict mortality

8/9

1/9

[49, 52, 62, 63, 68, 70, 72, 88]

[71]

Cognitive impairment

Greater mortality with cognitive impairment

9/9

[48, 49, 54, 65, 69, 70, 79, 93, 6]

Pre-fracture functional status

Greater mortality with poor pre-fracture functional status

7/7

[49, 65, 70, 78, 79, 83, 93]

Functional level at discharge

Greater mortality with poor functional status at discharge

3/3

[48, 70, 75]

Cardiac diseases

Greater mortality with cardiac diseases

4/4

[53, 57, 66, 81]

Frailty

Greater mortality with frailty

2/2

[52, 58]

Cancer

Greater mortality with cancer

2/2

[53, 76]

Renal failure

Greater mortality with renal failure

2/2

[53, 57]

Cerebrovascular accident

Greater mortality with cerebrovascular accident

2/2

[53, 81]

Delirium

Greater mortality with delirium

1/1

[93]

Diabetes mellitus

Greater mortality with diabetes mellitus

1/1

[67]

Malnutrition

Greater mortality with malnutrition

1/1

[49]

Hemoglobin levels

Greater mortality with lower hemoglobin level

1/1

[95]

Delay in operation

• Greater mortality with delay in surgery

• No difference in mortality based on time of day the surgery or delay in surgery

5/8

2/8

[59, 63, 72, 79, 81]

[60, 61]

• Greater mortality with delay in surgery among patients with a Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) of 0 or 1 but improved survival for those with a CCI > = 3.

1/8

[82]

Non-operative management

Greater mortality with non-operative management

2/2

[54, 55]

Fracture type

Greater mortality with extra-capsular fractures

3/3

[51, 69, 70]

Perioperative fracture

Greater mortality with perioperative fractures

1/1

[81]

Lower case-volume centers

Greater mortality with lower case-volume centers

2/2

[51, 73]

Poor nurse staffing

Greater mortality with poor nurse staffing

1/1

[73]

Inappropriate prescription

Greater mortality with inappropriate medication prescribing

1/1

[56]