Table 4 Studies focused on validation/development of systems/algorithms for monitoring shoulder motion
From: Wearable systems for shoulder kinematics assessment: a systematic review
Reference, Year, Type of publication | Sensors, Brand | Placement and wearability | Target shoulder parameters, Performance | Gold standard | Task executed | Participants | Aim |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jung 2010, [77] Conference | IMU (n = 6), ADXL 345 (acc) LPY51 50 AL (gyr) HMC5843 (magn) | Bilateral: UA and FA (distal third), thorax and pelvis Strap | Sh orientation and position | HDRT system | Arms above head Bend arms Bend waist | HS (n = 1) | Validate the motion tracking algorithm |
El-Gohary 2011, [78] Conference | IMU (n = 2), APDM Opal | Unilateral: FA (near wrist), UA (distal third) Strap | Sh ROM, r = 0.91–0.97 | Eagle Analog System | Sh FLX-EXT Sh AB-AD Elb FLX-EXT Elb PR-SU | HS (n = 1) | Validate data fusion algorithm |
Zhang 2011, [79] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 3), Xsens MTx | Unilateral: UA (laterally, above the elbow), FA (lateral and flat side of the FA near the wrist), sternum Strap, clothing | Sh ROM, RMSE = 2.4° (sh FLX-EXT) RMSE = 0.9° (sh AB-AD) RMSE = 2.9° (sh IER) | BTS SMART-D | Free movements | HS (n = 4) | Validate sensor fusion algorithm |
El-Gohary 2012, [80] Full-Text | IMU (n = 2), APDM Opal | Unilateral: UA (middle third, slightly posterior), FA (distal, near wrist) Strap band | Sh ROM, RMSE = 5.5° (sh FLX-EXT) RMSE = 4.4° (sh AB-AD) | VICON | Sh FLX-EXT Sh AB-AD Elb FLX-EXT FA PR-SU Touching nose Reaching for a doorknob | HS (n = 8) | Validate data fusion algorithm |
Lee e Low 2012, [81] Full-Text | Acc (n = 2), Freescale MMA7361 L | Unilateral: UA (near elbow), FA (near wrist) - | Sh ROM, RMSE = 2.12° (sh FLX-EXT) RMSE = 3.68° (sh rotation) | IMU (Xsens MTx) | UA FLX-EXT and medial/lateral rotation FA FLX-EXT and PR-SU (sagittal plane) | HS (n = 1) | Validate the feasibility of the proposed algorithm |
Hsu 2013, [82] Conference | M-IMU (n = 2), LSM303DLH (acc, magn) L3G4200D (gyr) | Unilateral: UA, FA Velcro strap | Sh ROM, RMSE = 1.34°-5.08° | Xsens MTw, (n = 2) | Sh FLX, AB, EXT, ER and IR | HS (n = 10) 8 M, 2 F 23.3 ± 1.33 Y | Validate data fusion algorithm |
Lambrecht e Kirsch 2014, [16] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 4), InvenSense MPU-9150 chip | Unilateral: Sternum, UA, FA and hand - | Sh ROM, RMSE = 4.9° (sh azimuth) RMSE = 1.2° (sh elevation) RMSE = 2.9° (sh IR) | Optotrack | Reaching movements | HS (n = 1) | Validate sensors’ accuracy and data fusion algorithm |
Ricci 2014, [83] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 5), APDM Opal | Bilateral: Thorax, UA (latero-distally) and FA (near wrist) Velcro strap | Sh ROM (HT joint angles) | – | UA FLX-EXT UA AB-AD FA PR-SU FA FLX-EXT Thorax rotation Thorax FLX-EXT | Children (n = 40) 6.9 ± 0.65 Y | Develop a calibration protocol for Thorax and upper limb motion capture |
Roldan-Jimenez 2015, [84] Full-Text | Inertial sensors built-in a Smartphone (n = 1), LG Electronics INC, iPhone4 | Unilateral: UA Neoprene arm belt | Sh ROM | – | sh AB, EXT with wrist in neutral position and elb extended | HS (n = 10) 7 M, 3 F 24.2 ± 4.04 Y | Study humerus kinematics through six physical properties that correspond to angular mobility and acceleration in the three axes of space |
Fantozzi 2016, [17] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 7), APDM Opal | Bilateral: Sternum, UA, FA, back of the hand Velcro strap | Sh ROM (HT joint angles), RMSE <10° (sh FLX-EXT, AB-AD, IER) | BTS SMART-DX | Simulated front-crawl and breaststroke swimming | HS (n = 8), M 26.1 ± 3.4 Y | Validate a protocol to assess the 3D joint kinematics of the upper limb during swimming |
Meng 2016, [85] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 2), Shimmer2r | Unilateral: UA (distal, near elbow), FA (distal, near wrist) Straps | Sh ROM, Test2: RMSE = from 2.20° to 0.87° | VICON | Sh FLX-EXT Sh AB-AD Sh IER Elb FLX-EXT Elb PR-SU | Test1: HS (n = 15), M, 19–23 Y Test2: HS (n = 5) | Validate an algorithm to improve accuracy on measurements of arm joint angles considering the properties of human tissue |
Crabolu 2017, [86] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 3), Xsens, MTw2 Awinda | Unilateral: UA, scapula, Sternum Velcro strap, double-sided tape, elastic band | GH joint center | MRI acquisition | Cross and star motions (2 joint velocities, 2 range of motions) | HS (n = 5) 3 M, 2 F 36 ± 4 Y | Evaluate accuracy and precision of the GHJC estimation |
Kim 2017, [87] Conference | MYO armband (n = 1): contains 8 EMG and 1 IMU, Thalamic Labs, MYO armband | Unilateral: UA (near elbow) Armband | Sh ROM | – | Elb FLX (0°,45°,90°) with sh in neutral position, elb FLX (0°,45°,90°) with sh FLX 90° (sagittal plane) | HS (n = 1) | Introduce an algorithm for upper arm and forearm motion estimation using MYO armband |
Morrow 2017, [88] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 6), APDM Opal | Bilateral: FA and UA (lateral), head, sternum Velcro straps | Sh ROM (HT joint angles), RMSE = 6.8° ± 2.7° (sh elevation) | Raptor 12 Digital Real Time Motion Capture System | Peg transfer (to mimic minimally invasive laparoscopy) | Surgeon HS (n = 6) 3 M, 3 F 45 ± 7 Y | Validate a M-IMU based protocol to measure shoulder EL, elbow FLX, trunk FLX-EXT and neck FLX-EXT kinematics |
Rose 2017, [89] Full-Text | IMU (n = 6), APDM Opal | Bilateral: UA (lateral), FA (dorsal), sternum, lumbar spine Straps | Sh ROM (HT joint angles) | – | Diagnostic arthroscopy simulation | Surgeon HS (n = 14) | Develop an IMU-based system to assess the performance of orthopaedic residents with different arthroscopic experiences |
Tian 2017, [90] Conference | M-IMU (n = 2), Acc: LIS3LV02D, Magn: HMC5843, Gyr: ITG3200 | Unilateral: UA, FA Straps | Sh ROM | VICON | Sh FLX and elb FLX (sagittal plane) | HS (n = 1) | Validate data fusion algorithm |
Pathirana 2018, [91] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 1) | Unilateral: Wrist Strap | Sh ROM | VICON, Kinect | Forward FLX-EXT AB-AD Backward FLX-EXT Horizontal FLX-EXT | HS (n = 14) 10 M, 4 F | Validate accuracy and robustness of data fusion algorithm using a single sensor to measure shoulder joint angles |