Table 1 Shoulder motion monitoring for application in patients with musculoskeletal disorders
From: Wearable systems for shoulder kinematics assessment: a systematic review
Reference, Year, Type of publication | Sensors, Brand | Placement and wearability | Target shoulder parameters, Performance | Gold standard | Task executed | Participants | Aim |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coley 2007, [29] Full-Text | IMU (n = 2), Analog Device (gyr: ADXRS 250, acc: ADXL 21 0) | Bilateral: humeri (posteriorly, distally) Adhesive patch | Sh ROM (HT joint angles), RMSE =5.81° Mean = 1.80° | Zebris CMS-HS | Sh FLX-EXT Sh AB-AD Sh IER | HS (n = 10), 25.1 ± 4.1 Y P (n = 10), 7 RC, 3 OA, 4 F, 6 M, 62.4 ± 10.4 Y | Find objective scores to assess shoulder function; to validate such scores comparing healthy and affected shoulders |
Coley 2008, [30] Full-Text | IMU (n = 4), Analog Device (gyr: ADXRS 250, acc: ADXL 21 0) | Bilateral: humeri (posteriorly, distally), thorax Adhesive patch | Sh ROM (HT joint angles) | – | Daily activities (8 h) | HS (n = 35) 32 ± 8 Y | Quantify usage of shoulder and the contribution of each shoulder in daily life activities |
Jolles 2011, [31] Full.Text | IMU (n = 4), Analog Device (gyr: ADXRS 250, acc: ADXL 21 0) | Bilateral: Humeri (distally, posteriorly), thorax (× 2) Adhesive patch | Sh ROM (HT joint angles), r = 0.61–0.80 | – | 7 activities of SST | P (n = 34) 27 RC, 7 OA 25 M, 9 F 57.5 ± 9.9 CG (n = 31) 17 M, 14 F 33.3 ± 8.0 | Validate clinically shoulder parameters in patients after surgery for GH OA and RC disease |
Duc 2013, [5] Full-Text | IMU (n = 3), Analog Device (gyr: ADXRS 250, acc: ADXL 210) | Bilateral: Humeri (distal, posterior), sternum Adhesive patch | Sh ROM (HT joint angles), r2 = 0.13-0.52 (CMS) r2 = 0.06-0.30 (DASH) r2 = 0.03-0.31 (SST) | – | Free movements, daily activities | HS (n = 41) 34 ± 9 Y P (n = 21) 53 ± 9 Y RC (unilateral) | Validate a method to detect movement of the humerus relative to the trunk and to provide outcomes parameters after shoulder surgery (frequency of arm movement and velocity) |
Körver 2014, [32] Full-Text | IMU (n = 2), Inertia-Link-2400-SKI, MicroStrain | Bilateral: Humerus (distal, posterior) Adhesive | Sh ROM (HT joint angles), r = 0.39 (DASH) r = 0.32 (SST) | – | Hand to the back, Hand behind the head | HS (n = 100) 37 M, 63 F 40.6 ± 15.7 Y P (n = 15) 5 M, 10 F 57.7 ± 10.4 Y, Subacromial impingement | Investigate about the correlation between subjective (clinical scale) and objective (IMU) assessment of shoulder ROM during a long-term period of follow-up |
Van Den Noort 2014, [33] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 4), Xsens MTw | Unilateral: Thorax, scapula, UA, FA Straps, skin tape | Sh ROM (HT and ST joint angles) | – | FLX (sagittal plane) and AB (frontal plane) with elb extended and thumb pointing up | HS (n = 20) 3 M, 17 F 36 ± 11 Y | Evaluate the intra- and inter-observer reliability and precision of 3D scapula kinematics |
Pichonnaz 2015, [34] Full-Text | IMU (n = 3), Analog Device (acc: ADXL 210, gyr: ADXRS 250) | Bilateral: Sternum, Humeri (posterior, distal) Skin tape | Sh ROM (HT joint angles) | – | Free movements (7 h) | HS (n = 41) 23 M, 18 F 34.1 ± 8.8 Y P (n = 21) 14 M, 7 F 53.3 ± 9 Y RC | Explore dominant and non-dominant arm usage as an indicator of UL function after rotator cuff repair during the first year after surgery |
Roldán-Jiménez e Cuesta-Vargas 2015, [35] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 4), InterSense InertiaCube3 | Unilateral: Sternum, humerus, scapula, FA (near wrist) adhesive tape and bandage | Sh ROM (HT and ST joint angles) | – | 180° sh AB and EXT with wri in neutral position and elb extended | HS (n = 11) 8 M, 3 F 24.7 ± 4.2 Y | Analyse UL angular mobility and linear acceleration in three anatomical axes |
Van Den Noort 2015, [36] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 4), Xsens MTw | Unilateral: Thorax, Scapula, UA, FA Straps, skin tape | Sh ROM (ST joint angles) | – | Humeral FLX (sagittal plane) and AB (frontal plane) with elb extended and thumb pointing up | P (n = 10) 8 M, 2 F 24–63 Y SD | Evaluate the change in 3D scapular kinematics using a single and double anatomical calibration with a scapular locator versus standard calibration; evaluate difference in 3D scapular kinematics between static posture and dynamic humeral elevation |
Roldán-Jiménez e Cuesta-Vargas 2016, [38] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 3), InterSense, InertiaCube3 | Unilateral: Humerus (middle third, slightly posterior), scapula, sternum Double-sided tape, elastic bandage | Sh ROM (GH and ST joint angles) | – | Sh AB (frontal plane) Sh FLX (sagittal plane) Wri in neutral position and elb extended | Young HS (n = 11), 18–35 Y 3 M, 8 F Adult HS (n = 14) > 40 Y 5 M, 9F | Analyze differences in shoulder kinematics in terms of angular mobility and linear acceleration related to age |
Wang 2017, [26] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 3), Adafruit FLORA 9-DOF | Unilateral: Shoulder (flat part of acromion), spine (C7-T1, T4-T5) Zipped vest, elastic strap with Velcro | Sh ROM (ST joint angles), RMSE ~ 3.57° | PST-55/110 series | 60 ° sh FLX with elb extended and thumb pointing up, place a cooking pot on a shelf, 40 ° sh EL in the scapular plane with elb extended and thumb pointing up, place a bottle of water on a shelf | P with musculoskeletal shoulder pain (n = 8) 3 M, 5 F 50 ± 6.44Y Physiotherapist (n = 5) | Evaluate usability of a smart garment-supported postural feedback scapular training in patients with musculoskeletal shoulder pain and in physiotherapists who take care patients with shoulder disorders |
Aslani 2018, [39] Full-Text | M-IMU (n = 1), Bosh Sensortec BNO055 EMG, MyoWare Muscle Sensor | Unilateral: UA, deltoid (2 surface electrodes on each deltoid section) Band | Sh ROM (azimuthal and elevation angles) | – | Arm EL (medially, anteriorly, cranially, posteriorly, laterally) with elb fully extended | HS (n = 6) 4 M, 2 F 27.3 ± 3.4Y P (n = 1), M Frozen Sh 42 Y | Evaluate a measurements protocol to assess the performance of the shoulder by combining both ROM and electromyography measurements |
Carbonaro 2018, [40] Conference | M-IMU (n = 3), Xsens MTw | Unilateral: Sternum, FA (distal), scapula (similar to the configuration in [37]) Elastic bands | Sh ROM (GH and ST joint angles) | – | Extra-rotation, Arm AB (with different load) | HS (n = 5) | Test a digital application intended for tele-monitoring and tele-rehabilitation of the shoulder muscular-skeletal diseases |
Hurd 2018, [41] Full-Text | Acc buil.in ActiGraph (n = 2), ActiGraph GT3XP-BLE | Unilateral: Wrist, UA (mid-biceps level) Velcro strap | Sh ROM | – | ADL | P (n = 14) 7 M, 7 F 73 ± 6Y GH OA, RC disease | Evaluate changes in pain, self-reported function and objective measurement of upper limb activity after RSA |
Langohr 2018, [6] Full-Text | IMU (n = 5), YEI Technology | Bilateral: Sternum, UA (lateral aspects of the midhumerus), FA (dorsal aspect of the wrist) Shirt | Sh ROM (humeral elevation and plane of elevation angles) | – | Daily activities (1 day, monitoring of 11 ± 3 h) | P (n = 36) 73 ± 10 Y TSA, RTSA | Determine the total daily shoulder motion of patients after TSA and RTSA, compare the motion of the arthroplasty shoulder with that of the contralateral asymptomatic joint and compare the daily motion of TSA and RTSA shoulders |