Effects of pain neuroscience education in hospitalized patients with high tibial osteotomy: a quasi-experimental study using propensity score matching

Table 6 Comparison of baseline and follow-up outcomes between the two groups by intention-to-treat analysis^a

	Follow-up to baseline		Difference in change between groups
	Intervention	Control	Mean (95% CI)	P value	Cohen’s d
Primary
Rest (NRS)^b	−0.9 (1.0)	−1.0 (1.0)	0.1 (−0.2, 0.4)	0.65 0.11
Pain during walking (NRS)^c	−2.0 (1.7)	−1.8 (1.7)	−0.2 (− 0.9, 0.4)	0.47 0.14
Secondary
Pain catastrophizing (PCS)^d	−13.4 (8.7)	−10.0 (8.6)	−3.5 (−6.9, 0.0)	0.050 0.40
Self-efficacy (PSEQ)^e	4.8 (10.7)	2.0 (10.9)	2.8 (−1.5, 7.1)	0.20 0.26
Quadriceps muscle strength
Operative side^f	−0.03 (0.14)	0.00 (0.12)	−0.03 (− 0.08, 0.03)	0.35 0.23
Nonoperative side^g	0.05 (0.11)	0.02 (0.11)	0.03 (−0.02, 0.07)	0.25 0.27
10-m walking test^h	0.3 (5.1)	1.8 (4.8)	−1.5 (−3.5, 0.5)	0.147 0.3

Data in first two columns are presented as mean (standard deviation). Baseline: preoperative, Follow-up: 5 weeks postoperatively, PNE pain neuroscience education, Reha: rehabilitation, 95% CI: 95% confidence level, NRS numerical rating scale, PCS Pain Catastrophizing Scale, PSEQ Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire
^aValues adjusted for baseline scores using analysis of covariance
^bIntervention (n = 50), Control (n = 52)
^cIntervention (n = 48), Control (n = 47)
^dIntervention (n = 49), Control (n = 48), ^eIntervention (n = 48), Control (n = 48)
^fIntervention (n = 43), Control (n = 48)
^gIntervention (n = 43), Control (n = 44)
^hIntervention (n = 41), Control (n = 47)

ISSN: 1471-2474