Table 2 Risk factors

Celik et al [24]

Minor vs slight vs major impact on work with right wrist pain 48.9% vs 33.3% vs 17.8% and with left wrist pain 48.9% vs 33.3% vs17.8%

Nurses who often lifted/carried heavy materials felt significantly more pain in the wrist (37.8%;

OR, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.05–0.49; P = .003)

Chang et al [26]

No increased risk of wrist pain with increased ulnar variance

24.6% of the 171 painful wrists had abnormal growth plate morphology compared to 19 (10.5%) of the 181 asymptomatic wrists (p < 0.005 X2 test, RR – 2.3)

Das et al [17]

Higher risk of wrist pain in brick field workers (85%) versus office workers (3%) (p < 0.001, X2 test)

Davatchi et al [15]

Wrist pain more common in women 14.7% (CI 13.6–15.8) than in men 5.6 (4.9–6.3)

DiFiori et al [13]

Wrist pain was dorsal (56%), palmar (22%), radial (7%) and ulnar (7%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed this age range to be significantly associated with wrist pain, independent of training intensity, age of initiation of training, years of training, gender, height, and weight (p = 0.03). The 1-year changes in height and training intensity were not associated with wrist pain (p = 0.15 and p = 0.2, respectively).

Wrist pain was significantly more common in the older and taller groups. Pain free group mean age was 9.6 versus 11.3 in the painful group, p = 0.01. Pain free group mean height was 131.6 versus 139.6 in the painful group, p = 0.04). Of those between 10 and 14 years of age at 1 year, 73% had wrist pain at the study onset and at 1 year, compared with 29% of those who were either less than 10 or more than 14 years of age.

(p = 0.004).

DiFiori et al [12]

By using multivariate regression analysis, we found that training hours per week (P = 0.03) and wrist pain (P = 0.02) were independently associated with radiograph findings of grade 2 or 3. Sixty-seven percent of the gymnasts (22 of the 33) with wrist pain had findings of grade 2 or 3, compared with 31% (8 of 26) of those without wrist pain (P = 0.008).

Age was the only independent risk factor for wrist pain after adjusting for confounders using multivariate regression modelling.

Ulnar variance was not associated with wrist pain or radiographic injury of the distal radial physis

Wrist pain prevalence was associated with the radiographic grading of the distal radial physis (P = 0.007).

DiFiori et al [14]

Wrist pain was dorsal (61.5%), palmar (7.7%), radial (6.2%) and ulnar (12.3%).

Two non-modifiable factors were independently associated with wrist pain (age > 10 years, p = 0.018;; age > 14 years, p = 0.016).ars (P = 0.016),

One modifiable factor was independently associated with wrist pain (training intensity, p = 0.036).

Gangopadhyay et al [18]

Higher rate of wrist pain in brass metal workers (62%) versus office workers (4%) (p < 0.001 Chi squared test)

Harutunian et al [19]

Of 27.1% with wrist pain, 20.3% were classified as mild, 4.1% moderate and 2.7% severe

Wrist pain was more common in females (p < 0.05)

Wrist pain was more common in those specialising in oral surgery (p < 0.05).

Hawkes et al [43]

The majority of injuries (67%) occurred in

the leading wrist at the most common location, the ulnar side of the wrist (35%). 87% of all ulnar-sided and 100% of radial-sided problems were in the

leading wrist.

N/A

Hou et al [44]

Total of 3.4% had a limitation of movement due to the wrist pain reported. Wrist pain increased risk of sick leave OR 2.96 (95% CI 2.06–4.20) adjusted OR 2.36 (95% CI 1.60–3.42).

N/A

Jonasson et al [19]

Note inconsistency between figures in text and tables.

. Significant associations noted between presence of wrist pain versus thoracic spine pain p = 0.0188 OR 17.60 (95% CI 1.73–178.76) and wrists versus hips p = 0.0437 OR 12.00 (95% CI 1.63–88.29). Also significant associations noted over last year of symptoms related to elbows versus wrists p = 0.0026 OR 16.50 (95% CI2.51–108.64) and wrists versus thoracic spine p = 0.0508 OR 6.56 (95% CI1.17–36.84).

Higher rate of wrist pain in athletes versus staff

Kihlberget al [11]

Higher risk of wrist pain with age (OR 1.4 (95% CI 1.1–1.7)).

Higher risk of wrist pain with high frequency impact tool use (OR 1.5 (95% CI 1.0–2.3)).

Kirby et al [20]

Higher rate of wrist pain in gymnasts (33%) versus non gymnasts (2%)

Kuwabara et al [21]

Higher rate of wrist pain in endoscopists versus non endoscopists

MacDonald et al [46]

41.9% incidence of wrist pain reported whilst carrying out echocardiograms

N/A

McCue et al [47]

Of those reporting wrist pain, 51%

indicated it lasted for hours, 29% indicated it lasted for days, 6% indicated it lasted for weeks, and 4% indicated it lasted all year.

Chi-square tests revealed significant differences in wrist pain prevalence between the overhead and the sidearm styles (32% vs 49%, P = 0.01), between the overhead and the elliptical styles (32% vs 58%, P = 0.03), between the sidearm and the multiple styles (49% vs 20%, P = 0.05), and between the elliptical and the multiple styles (59% vs 20%, P = 0.03).

Menzel et al [48]

The frequency of wrist discomfort was predicted by number of highest risk

tasks per hour and number of patients ≥212 pounds .

N/A

Punnett et al [22]

Wrist pain more common in garment workers versus hospital employees RR 3.9 p = 0.005 (95% CI 1.4–10.9). Specific types of garment workers were extremely likely to experience wrist pain (Finishers, RR 8.5)

Saxena et al [51]

There was no significant association between wrist pain and age.

There was no significant association between wrist pain and use of assistant, use of fitness regime and breaks.

Sokas et al [23]

Wrist pain was significantly more common in sewing machine operators than controls (p = 0.00001).

Woldendorp et al [56]

There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of wrist pain within the last 3 months when comparing mono-instrumentalists with multi-instrumentalists (p = 0.831 right wrist, p = 0.845 left wrist)

Yu et al [25]

Wrist pain was more common in men and women with high job strain (psychological demands) (men OR 1.4 (95%CI 1.02–1.91) and women OR 2.20 (95%CI 1.31–3.69)) and high job strain (physical demands) (men OR 1.37 (95%CI 1.05–1.80) and women OR 1.56 (95%CI 1.02–2.40)). Wrist pain was more common in men and women with a effort reward imbalance (ERI) (men OR 1.29 (95% CI 1.02–1.23) and women OR 1.56 (95% CI 1.00–2.42). Wrist pain was more common in women in relation to job control OR 1.37 (95% CI 1.07–1.75). Wrist pain was more common in men related to effort OR 1.25 (95% CI 1.05–1.47).