Table 3 Participant characteristics (N = 233)
| Â | N | (%) |
|---|---|---|
Age | ||
 < 65 | 119 | (51%) |
 ≥ 65 | 114 | (49%) |
Sex | ||
 Male | 118 | (51%) |
 Female | 115 | (49%) |
Smoking Status | ||
 Non-smoker | 214 | (92%) |
 Smoker | 18 | (8%) |
 Incomplete data | 1 | (0.4%) |
Obesity | ||
 BMI < 30 | 154 | (66%) |
 BMI ≥30 | 73 | (31%) |
 Incomplete data | 6 | (3%) |
Diabetic | ||
 No | 207 | (89%) |
 Yes | 25 | (11%) |
 Incomplete data | 1 | (0.4%) |
Depression | ||
 No (PHQ-9 < 10) | 130 | (56%) |
 Yes (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) | 98 | (42%) |
 Incomplete data | 5 | (2%) |
Anxiety | ||
 No (GAD-7 < 10) | 159 | (68%) |
 Yes (GAD-7 ≥ 10) | 69 | (30%) |
 Incomplete data | 5 | (2%) |
Pre-operative pain duration | ||
 < 12 months | 106 | (45%) |
 ≥ 12 months | 115 | (49%) |
 Incomplete data | 12 | (5%) |
Neurological deficit (self-report) | ||
 No | 17 | (7%) |
 Yes | 214 | (92%) |
 Incomplete data | 2 | (1%) |
Pre-operative activity (IPAQ-SF) | ||
 Low | 130 | (56%) |
 Moderate | 64 | (27%) |
 High | 29 | (12%) |
 Incomplete data | 10 | (4%) |
Pre-operative mobility (ODQ Section 4) | ||
 Un-restricted (< 3) | 113 | (48%) |
 Restricted (≥3)a | 120 | (52%) |
Pre-operative function (ODQ category) | ||
 0–20% | 15 | (6%) |
 21–40% | 93 | (40%) |
 41–60% | 85 | (36%) |
 61–80% | 37 | (16%) |
 81–100% | 2 | (1%) |
 Incomplete data | 1 | (0.4%) |
Surgical procedure | ||
 Decompression | 63 | (27%) |
 Discectomy | 96 | (41%) |
 Fusion | 74 | (32%) |
Number of vertebral levels | ||
 Single | 175 | (75%) |
 Multiple | 58 | (25%) |