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Table 3 Characteristics of studies
| First author, year | Population “n” and type of population Sex ratio | Time of follow-up | Measure of bone quantity Unit Site(s) Tool | Measure of muscle components | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muscle Mass Unit Site Tool | Muscle strength Unit Site Tool | Physical performance Unit Tool | ||||
| Arabi et al., 2012 [36] | 192 older subjects (65–85 years) 66.7% of male | 4.2 years | Bone mineral density Hip, femoral neck, lumbar spine DEXA | Lean mass Subtotal body DEXA | ||
| Bleicher et al., 2011 [38] | 1114 older men Not applicable | 2.1 years | Bone mineral density Hip DEXA | Lean mass Total body DEXA | ||
| Chen et al., 1997 [39] | 45 postmenopausal women Not applicable | 1 year | Bone mineral density Hip, femoral neck, lumbar spine, total body DEXA | Lean mass Total body DEXA | ||
| Hrafnkelsson et al., 2013 [31] | 164 school children of 7 years 57.3% of male | 2 years | Bone mineral density Hip, femoral neck, total body DEXA | Lean mass Total body DEXA | ||
| Liu-Ambrose et al., 2006 [22] | 53 premenopausal women Not applicable | 12 years | Bone mineral density Hip, lumbar spine, total body DEXA | Lean mass Total body DEXA | ||
| Milliken et al., 2009 [29] | 167 postmenopausal women (40–65 years) Not applicable | 4 years | Bone mineral density Hip, femoral neck DEXA | Lean mass Total body DEXA | ||
| Cadogan et al., 1998 [34] | 182 elderly community-dwelling women Not applicable | 2 years | Bone mineral density Total body DEXA | Lean mass Total body DEXA | ||
| Vicente-Rodriguez et al., 2005 [27] | 42 prepubertal boys Not applicable | 3.3 years | Bone mineral density Hip, femoral neck DEXA | Lean mass Total body DEXA | ||
| Young et al., 2001 [25] | 286 female twins aged 8–26 years Not applicable | 1.8 years | Bone mineral density Hip, femoral neck, lumbar spine DEXA | Lean mass Total body DEXA | ||
| Heidemann et al., 2015 [32] | 683 children (preschool to 4th grade) 50.9% of male | 2 years | Bone mineral content Total body DEXA | Lean mass Subtotal body DEXA | ||
| Wang et al., 2007 [26] | 221 pubertal girls (10–13 years) Not applicable | 2 years | Bone mineral content Total body, left arm, left leg DEXA | Maximal Isometric Voluntary Contraction left elbow flexors, left leg extensors Dynamometer chair | ||
| Sirola et al., 2006 [28] | 971 peri- and postmenopausal women Not applicable | 5.9 years | Bone mineral density Lumbar spine, femoral neck DEXA | Kilopascal Handgrip Pneumatic dynamometer | ||
| Sirola et al., 2006 [11] | 587 peri- and postmenopausal women Not applicable | 10.3 years | Bone mineral density Lumbar spine, femoral neck DEXA | Kilopascal Handgrip Pneumatic dynamometer | ||
| Sirola et al., 2005 [37] | 622 peri- and postmenopausal women Not applicable | 10.3 years | Bone mineral density Lumbar spine, femoral neck DEXA | Kilopascal Handgrip Pneumatic dynamometer | ||
| Kwon et al., 2007 [30] | 182 elderly community-dwelling women Not applicable | 2 years | Bone mineral density Forearm DEXA | Walking speed 5-m | ||
