Altered postural timing and abnormally low use of proprioception in lumbar spinal stenosis pre- and post- surgical decompression

Table 3 Functional tests and patient-reported outcomes (PROs)

	Patients N = 9	Patients post-surgery N = 9	Mean difference (95%CI)	P
	Mean	Mean	Mean difference (95%CI)	P
Functional tests
Spine mobility (cm)^a	9.89	10.00	0.11 (4.13 − −3.91)	0.951
Functional reach (cm)^b	32.05	34.11	2.06 (11.95 − − 7.84)	0.645
BBS (scale max. 56)^c	52.67	54.33	1.67 (4.27 − − 0.94)	0.179
10 m walking test (sec)	6.8	5.7	−1.1 (0.3 − − 2.4)	0.099
CRT (sec)^d	16	18	2 (5 − − 1)	0.250
CTSIB (scale 6–24)^e	9.3	9.6	0.2 (1.4 − − 0.9)	0.665
POMA (scale max. 28)^f	26.7	27.3	0.67 (1.5 − −0.2)	0.111
TUG (sec)^g	10.0	8.9	− 1.1 (0.5 − − 2.7)	0.154
PROs
Pain intensity during rest (VAS scale 0–10)	2.11	0.67	−1.44 (−0.05 − − 2.84)	0.044*
Pain intensity during stress (VAS scale 0–10)	7.56	3.67	− 3.89 (− 2.53 − − 5.35)	< 0.000*
Max. walking distance (m)	329	4775	4446 (8302–591)	0.030*
FFb-H-R (score max. 100%)^h	60.7	73.2	− 12.5 (− 2.8 − − 22.2)	0.018*
SF-36 (score 0–100%)ⁱ	49.3	56.4	7.2 (23.0 − −8.6)	0.326

*indicates a significant difference p < 0.05
P p-value, CI confidence interval, BBS Berg Balance Scale, CRT Chair Rising Test, CTSIB Clinical Test for Sensory Interaction in Balance, POMA Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment, TUG Times Up and Go test, VAS Visual Analogue Scale, FFb-H-R Hannover questionnaire for functional disability caused by back pain
^aSpine mobility is determined by the distance between the fingertips and ground in cm
^b< 25 cm indicates an increased fall risk
^c< 54 indicates an increased fall risk
^dDuration in sec for five sit-to-stand repetitions
^eA higher score indicate greater balance problems
^f< 24 indicates an increased fall risk
^g<10s indicates unlimited mobility
^h> 100%–80% normal function. 70%–80% moderate impaired function. 60% − 70 impaired function. < 60% clinical-relevant functional disability
ⁱA higher score represents less disability

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