Table 4 Overview of study measurements related to the clinical intervention
Construct | Instrument | Patient reported | Clinician reported | National registries | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | 3-months | 6-months | 12-months | Pre- intervention | Post- intervention | |||
Demographics | Age, sex, height, weight, education | x | ||||||
Work situation | Job type, working hours | x | ||||||
Risk profile | The START Back screening tool | x | ||||||
LBP history | Pain duration (0–2 weeks; 2–4 weeks; 4–12 weeks; 3–12 months; > 1 year) Pain trajectory last 12 months (one of seven patterns or ‘I don’t recognise any of the patterns) | x | ||||||
Comorbid pain | Pain in any of nine regions on body chart in the last 2 weeks | x | x | |||||
Comorbidity | Any chronic disease (yes/no) on a list of 15 conditions | x | ||||||
Illness perceptions | x | x | x | x | ||||
Ability to move with variation | How confident are you in performing exercises in a beneficial way?’ (0–10 scale from ‘not confident at all’ to ‘absolutely confident’) | x | x | x | x | |||
Physical back performance | Standing forward bending [46] The Ito back extensor endurance test [49, 50] Trunk flexor endurance test [50, 51] Sit-to-stand test | x | x | |||||
Perceived physical fitness | Self-assessed physical capacity [57] | x | x | x | x | |||
Fear of movement | x | x | x | x | ||||
Self-efficacy | The Arthritis Self-efficacy Scale (subscales pain + other symptoms) [59] | x | x | x | x | |||
Pain intensity | Numeric Rating Scale 0–10 for LBP and leg pain [64] | x | x | x | x | |||
Activity limitation | x | x | x | x | ||||
Quality of life | SF-36 general health, social functioning, mental health | x | x | x | x | |||
Work ability | Current work ability Number of days with LBP related sick leave within last 3 months | x | x | x | x | |||
Content of intervention | Received listed intervention yes/no | x | ||||||
Satisfaction | Overall are you satisfied with your course of care (5-point Likert scale) | x | ||||||
Harms | Did you experience any side effects or problems in relation to your participation in GLA:D Back? | x | ||||||
Back pain treatment | Consultations to general practice, chiropractors, physiotherapists and other clinicians due to back pain | x | x | x | x | |||
Health care utilisation | Reimbursed consultations to general practice, chiropractors and physiotherapists; Secondary care visits for back pain; Imaging for back pain Prescriptions for pain medication | x | ||||||
Long-term sick leave | Number of reimbursed days with sick leave | x | ||||||