Table 1 Study characteristics

Nordesjö (1983)

OA:14 (85.7)

C:96 (47.9)

OA:68

C: NR

NR

Radiographic

NR

Medial / lateral OA

MUSC (extensor weakness; flexor weakness)

High

Hall (1993)

OA:21 (81.0)

C:21 (81.0)

OA:62.6 ± 13.9

C:62.2 ± 13.8

OA:29.6

C:25.5

Symptomatic

NR

Medial / lateral OA

MUSC (extensor weakness; flexor weakness)

High

Marks (1993)

OA:10 (100)

C:10 (100)

OA: 54.6 ± 9.87

C:48.2 ± 6.97

OA:30.14

C:24.39

Symptomatic

NR

Medial / lateral OA

PROP (reposition error)

High

Marks (1996)

OA:15 (100)

C:11 (100)

OA:60.07 ± 10.74

C:48.63 ± 6.77

NR

Symptomatic

NR

Medial / lateral OA

PROP (reposition error)

High

Cooke (1997)

OA:167 (54.4)

C:40 (65)

OA:66 ± 12

C:66 ± 8

NR

Radiographic and symptomatic

NR

Medial / lateral OA

MAL (varus)

High

Pai (1997)

OA:30 (73.3)

C:29 (58.6)

OA:68.2 ± 8.3

C:71.3 ± 8.3

OA:28.6 ± 4.1

C:24.9 ± 3.9

Radiographic

KL2: 10, KL3: 13, KL4: 7

Medial / lateral OA

PROP (TDPM)

Low

Sharma (1997)

OA:28 (53.6)

C:29 (55.2)

OA:65.5 ± 14.5

C:71 ± 11.5

OA:28.9 ± 5.8

C:26.3 ± 5.7

Radiographic

KL2: 7, KL3: 12, KL4: 9

Medial / lateral OA

PROP (TDPM)

Low

Garsden (1999)

OA:20 (50)

C:20 (50)

OA:62.8 (R 50–73)

C:60.8 (R 51–71)

NR

Radiographic and symptomatic

NR

Medial / lateral OA

PROP (reposition error)

High

Cheing (2001)

OA:66 (86.4)

C:10 (50)

OA:

women 63.5 ± 7.8;

men 63.9 ± 8.9

C: women 57.4 ± 6.6; men 62.4 ± 8.4

OA:

women 27.7 ± 4.2; men 26.3 ± 3.5

C: women 24.4 ± 1.8; men 25.5 ± 4.8

Radiographic

NR

Medial / lateral OA

MUSC (extensor weakness; flexor weakness)

Low

Kaufman (2001)

OA:139 (66.2)

C:20 (55)

OA:57 ± 12.5

C:30 ± 8

OA:30.48

C:25.06

Radiographic and symptomatic

NR

Medial / lateral OA

LOAD (KEM; KADM; KABM; KIRM; KERM)

Low

Hortobagyi (2004)

OA:20 (75)

C:20 (75)

OA:57.5 ± 7.3

C:56.8 ± 5

OA:29.3 ± 3.2

C:28.3 ± 3

Radiographic

NR

Medial / lateral OA

PROP (reposition error)

Low

Lewek (2004)

OA:12 (41.7)

C:12 (50.0)

OA:52.6 ± 7.2

C:48.9 ± 4.9

OA:31.3 ± 5.1

C:28.6 ± 5.6

Radiographic and symptomatic

NR

Medial OA

MUSC (extensor weakness)

High

Lewek (2005)

OA:21 (33.3)

C:19 (36.8)

OA:49.3 ± 7

C:49.3 ± 5.8

OA:30 ± 4.3

C:28.3 ± 4.9

Radiographic and symptomatic

NR

Medial OA

Laxity (varus-valgus: medial; varus-valgus:lateral)

High

Aoda (2006)

OA:688 (NR)

C:568 (NR)

NR

NR

Radiographic

KL2: 510, KL3: 136, KL4: 42

LOAD (varus thrust)

High

Hall (2006)

OA with pain:36 (61.1)

OA without pain:23 (69.6)

C: 55 (69.1)

OA with pain: 68.78 ± 7.8

OA without pain: 69.22 ± 5.78

C:67.49 ± 8.45

OA with pain: 29.72 ± 4.4

OA without pain: 28.45 ± 4.69

C:25.89 ± 3.97

Radiographic and symptomatic

NR

Medial / lateral OA

MUSC (extensor weakness); PROP (reposition error)

Low

Zhai (2006)

OA:239 (23.4)

C:261 (17.6)

OA:62.7 ± 7.1

C:63.0 ± 7.4

OA:28.7 ± 5.3 C:26.9 ± 4.1

Symptomatic

NR

Medial / lateral OA

MUSC (extensor weakness)

High

Ling (2007)

OA:17 (NR)

C:22 (NR)

NR

NR

Radiographic

KL2: 4, KL3: 9, KL4: 4

Medial / lateral OA

MUSC (extensor weakness)

Low

Petterson (2007)

OA:44 (56.8)

C:44 (56.8)

OA:62.3 ± 6.8

C:61.3 ± 7.7

OA:27.9 ± 3.9

C:26.8 ± 4.4

Symptomatic

NR

Medial / lateral OA

MUSC (extensor weakness)

High

Rudolph (2007)

OA:15 (46.7)

C:15 (46.7)

OA:49.2 (R 39–57)

C:49.2 (R 40–57)

OA:30.7 ± 4.8

C:28.7 ± 5.5

Symptomatic

NR

Medial OA

MAL (varus)

High

Schmitt (2007)

OA:28 (50)

C:26 (50)

OA: 60.4 (R 39–78)

C: 58.5 (R 38–76)

OA:31.84

C:29.74

Radiographic

NR

Medial OA

MAL (varus); MUSC (extensor weakness); Laxity (varus-valgus: medial; varus-valgus:lateral); LOAD (KFM; KEM: KADM)

Low

Thorp (2007)

OA:52 (73.1)

C:37 (73.0)

OA:56.2 ± 10.4

C:53.6 ± 6.1

OA:29.1 ± 3.9

C:26.7 ± 3.9

Radiographic

NR

Medial OA

LOAD (KADM)

Low

Zhai (2007)

OA:56 (NR)

C:259 (NR)

NR

NR

Radiographic

NR

Medial / lateral OA

MAL (varus; valgus)

High

Astephen (2008)

OA:61 (54.1)

C:60 (61.7)

OA:64.49 ± 7.75

C:50.27 ± 10.09

OA:32.05 ± 5.48

C:25.45 ± 4.04

Radiographic and symptomatic

NR

Medial / lateral OA

LOAD (KFM; KIRM)

Janakiramanan (2008)

OA:74 (64)

C:128 (78)

OA:59.4 ± 8.5

C:63.8 ± 10

OA:29.4 ± 5.3

C:26.8 ± 4.8

Radiographic

NR

Medial / lateral OA

MAL (valgus)

Low

Liikavainio (2008)

OA:54 (0)

C:53 (0)

OA:59 ± 5.3

C:59.2 ± 4.7

OA:29.7 ± 4.7

C:27.1 ± 3.1

Symptomatic

KL1: 12, KL2: 15, KL3: 19, KL4: 8^d

Medial / lateral OA

MUSC (extensor weakness; flexor weakness)

Low

Lund (2008)

OA:21 (100)

C:29 (100)

OA:57.1 ± 12

C:55.3 ± 10.1

OA:28.5 ± 7.4

C:23.3 ± 7.4

Radiographic and symptomatic

NR

Medial / lateral OA

PROP (reposition error; TDPM)

Low

Mohammadi (2008)

OA:30 (100)

C:30 (100)

OA:46.4 ± 5.1

C:45.4 ± 4.9

OA:27.1 ± 3.3

C:26.9 ± 4.3

Symptomatic

KL1/2: 5, KL3/4: 26^{d, e}

Medial / lateral OA

MUSC (extensor weakness); PROP (reposition error)

Low

Wu (2008)

OA:11 (72.7)

C:10 (70.0)

OA:61.1 ± 10.3

C:61.4 ± 6.5

OA:24.4 ± 2.4 C:23.2 ± 2.2

Radiographic

NR

Medial / lateral OA

MUSC (extensor weakness)

High

Heiden (2009a)

OA:54 (55.6)

C:27 (66.7)

OA:65.6 ± 7.6

C:64.2 ± 5.1

OA:28.1 ± 4.2

C:24.4 ± 3.6

Radiographic

NR

Medial / lateral OA

LOAD (KEM; KADM)

Low

Heiden (2009b)

OA:54 (55.6)

C:27 (66.7)

OA:57 ± 10

C:56 ± 15

OA:29 ± 7

C:25 ± 4

Radiographic

NR

Medial / lateral OA

MUSC (extensor weakness)

Low

Chang (2010)

OA:2026 (57.5)

C:1566 (58.7)

OA:63.4 ± 9.1

C:61.0 ± 8.9

OA:29.4 ± 4.8

C:27.6 ± 4.6

Radiographic

NR

Medial / lateral OA

MUSC (extensor weakness); LOAD (valgus and varus thrust)

Low

Cibere (2010)

OA:98 (53)

C:33 (52)

OA M:65

C M:47

OA M:26.6

C M:24.1

Symptomatic

NR

Medial / lateral OA

MAL (varus; valgus)

High

Dixon (2010)

OA:37 (62)

C:11 (64)

OA: 65.6 ± 9.2

C:57.3 ± 9.5

OA:29.5 ± 4.1

C:25.3 ± 3.1

Radiographic and symptomatic

KL1: 3, KL2: 9, KL3: 10, KL4: 15^d

Medial OA

LOAD (KEM)

High

Foroughi (2010)

OA:17 (100)

C:17 (100)

OA:66 ± 8

C:51 ± 7

OA:26 ± 3

C:25 ± 4

Symptomatic

NR

Medial OA

MAL (varus); MUSC (extensor weakness); LOAD (KADM)

Low

Linley (2010)

OA:40 (57.5)

C:40 (57.5)

OA:63 ± 10

C:64 ± 9

OA:27.4 ± 5.5

C:24 ± 3.2

Radiographic and symptomatic

KL1: 4, KL2: 20, KL3: 9, KL4: 7^d

Medial OA

LOAD (KADM)

Low

Creaby (2010)

mild OA:

50 (54.0)

moderate OA: 45 (44.4)

severe OA:

32 (34.4)

C:32 (53.1)

mild OA: 61.61 ± 7.12 moderate OA: 65.23 ± 7.72

severe OA: 66.4 ± 9.39

C:59.39 ± 6.92

mild OA: 28.37 ± 4.72 moderate OA: 30.03 ± 4.31

severe OA: 29.72 ± 5.2

C:26.62 ± 2.82

Radiographic and symptomatic

NR

Medial OA

Laxity (varus-valgus: medial; varus-valgus:lateral)

Low

Berger (2011)

OA:8 (50)

C:8 (50)

OA:61.3 ± 3.8

C:61.8 ± 5.9

OA:33.4 ± 4.6

C:27.0 ± 27.3¹

Radiographic and symptomatic

NR

Medial / lateral OA

MUSC (extensor weakness)

High

Butler (2011)

MOA:15 (NR)

LOA:15 (NR)

C:15 (NR)

MOA:66.2 ± 7.8

LOA:65.7 ± 6.4

C:56.3 ± 10.7

MOA:32.2 ± 7.9

LOA:30.4 ± 7.5

C:27.8 ± 5.7

Radiographic

MOA: KL2: 5, KL3: 4, KL4: 6

LOA: KL2: 3, KL3: 5, KL4: 7

Medial and lateral OA

LOAD (KADM)

Low

Cammarata (2011)

OA:13 (46.2)

C:14 (50)

OA:57 ± 10

C:56 ± 15

OA:29 ± 7

C:25 ± 4

Radiographic and symptomatic

NR

Medial / lateral OA

MUSC (extensor weakness; flexor weakness)

Low

Zeni (2011)

OA:30 (NR)

C:15 (NR)

OA:63 ± 7

C:58 ± 9

OA:29.75 ± 4.2

C:25.58 ± 3.5

Radiographic

NR

Medial OA

MUSC (extensor weakness, flexor weakness)

High

Cammarata (2012)

OA:13 (46.2)

C:14 (50)

OA:57 ± 10

C:56 ± 15

OA:29 ± 7

C:25 ± 4

Radiographic and symptomatic

NR

Medial / lateral OA

PROP (TDPM-varus; TDPM-valgus)

Low

Conroy (2012)

OA with pain: 170 (59)

OA without pain: 91 (58)

C:334 (58)

OA with pain: 74.1 ± 3.1

OA without pain: 73.7 ± 2.9

C:73.3 ± 2.7

OA with pain: 30.1 ± 4.8

OA without pain: 30.5 ± 5

C:26.4 ± 4.3

Radiographic and symptomatic

NR

Medial / lateral OA

MUSC (extensor weakness)

High

Fallah-Yakhdani (2012)

OA:16 (68.8)

C:12 (58.3)

OA:62.3 ± 10.7

C:62.0 ± 12.6

OA:29.7 ± 4.1

C:29.4 ± 4.9

Symptomatic

NR

Medial / lateral OA

MAL (varus; valgus)

High

Levinger (2012)

OA:32 (50)

C:28 (53.6)

OA:65.8 ± 7.5

C:65.2 ± 11.4

OA:29.9 ± 5.2

C:25.5 ± 3.9

Radiographic

NR

Medial OA

LOAD (KADM)

Low

Miyazaki (2012)

mild OA:

20 (100)

advanced OA:26 (100)

C:22 (100)

mild OA:

3.8 ± 9.2

advanced OA: 74.1 ± 7.9

C:71.8 ± 8.3

mild OA:

22.6 ± 2

advanced OA: 23.5 ± 2.9

C:23.6 ± 2.2

Radiographic

KL2: 20, KL3: 16, KL4: 10

Medial OA

MUSC (extensor weakness); Laxity (anterior-posterior)

Low

Baert (2013a)

OA:24 (100)

C:20 (100)

OA:64 ± 7.5

C:62.9 ± 8

OA:27.8 ± 4

C:25.2 ± 3.6

Symptomatic

KL2: 11, KL3: 8, KL4: 5

Medial / lateral OA

MUSC (extensor weakness; flexor weakness); PROP (reposition error)

Low

Baert (2013b)

OA:12 (100)

C:14 (100)

OA:68.3 ± 6.8

C:65.8 ± 9.9

OA:28.6 ± 4.1

C: 24.8 ± 3.2

Symptomatic

KL2: 7, KL3: 3, KL4: 2

Medial OA

MAL (varus; valgus); MUSC (extensor weakness)

Low

Kumar (2013)

OA:16 (50)

C:12 (50)

OA:65.2 ± 9.5

C:59.5 ± 10.4

OA:28.6 ± 4.3 C:28.4 ± 5.2

Radiographic

NR

Medial OA

MUSC (extensor weakness)

Low

Maly

(2013a)^b

OA:73 (100)

C:52 (100)

OA:64.6 ± 6.7

C:60.7 ± 7.1

OA:29.1 ± 4.7

C:26.4 ± 5.0

Radiographic

NR

Medial OA

MUSC (extensor weakness)

Low

Maly (2013b)

OA:31 (29.0)

C:30 (53.3)

OA:53.2 ± 6.1

C:33.5 ± 8

OA:30.6 ± 4.3

C:25 ± 4.2

Radiographic and symptomatic

KL2: 14, KL3: 13, KL4: 4

Medial OA

LOAD (KADM)

High

Metcalfe (2013)

OA:20 (45)

C:20 (50)

OA:69 ± 7.2

C:68.3 ± 5.9

OA:31.1 ± 3.5

C:26.3 ± 3.6

Radiographic and symptomatic

KL3: 7, KL4: 13

Medial OA

LOAD (KADM)

High

Perry (2013)

OA:19 (52.6)

C:17 (47.1)

OA:69.9 ± 6.5

C:66.8 ± 6.4

OA:29.8 ± 3.83

C:28.9 ± 4.7

Symptomatic

NR

Medial / lateral OA

MUSC (extensor weakness)

High

Sagawa (2013)^c

OA:90 (58.9)

C:52 (n = 26) (53.8)

OA:68 ± 7

C:66 ± 8

OA:30.4 ± 5.2

C:23.4 ± 2.3

Radiographic and symptomatic

NR

Medial / lateral OA

LOAD (KADM)

Low

Chang (2014)

OA:14 (57)

C:14 (57)

OA:60 ± 8.7

C:58.4 ± 9.5

OA:30.5 ± 8

C:23.9 ± 3.1

Radiographic and symptomatic

NR

Medial OA

PROP (TDPM-varus; TDPM-valgus)

Low

Duffell (2014a)

OA:18 (NR)

C:18 (NR)

OA:56.4 ± 12.4

C:56.2 ± 13

OA:26.61

C:24.13

Radiographic and symptomatic

NR

Medial OA

LOAD (KADM)

High

Duffell (2014b)

OA:15 (13.3)

C:9 (44.4)

OA:54

C:31

OA:25.7

C:22.2

Symptomatic

NR

Medial / lateral OA

MAL (valgus)

High

Favre (2014)

OA:26 (62)

C:27 (44)

OA:62 ± 10

C:57 ± 8

OA:29 ± 5

C:27 ± 3

Radiographic and symptomatic

NR

Medial OA

LOAD (KFM; KEM)

Low

Kumar (2014)

OA:30 (50)

C:66 (57.6)

OA:57.7 (R:54.3–61.1)

C:50.7 (R:48.4–53.1)

OA:26.9 (R:23.5–30.2)

C:24.1 (R:23.2–25)

Radiographic and symptomatic

KL2: 10, KL3: 16, KL4: 4

Medial / lateral OA

MUSC (extensor weakness, flexor weakness)

Low

Winters (2014)

OA:26 (46.2)

C:23 (47.8)

OA:65.3 ± 7.8

C:63.1 ± 7.7

OA:30.6 ± 4.6

C:25.8 ± 3.8

Radiographic

KL1: 7, KL2: 10, KL3: 10^{d, f}

Medial OA

MUSC (extensor weakness); LOAD (KFM; KADM)

High