Table 2 Inclusion themes and subthemes
Theme | Subthemes | n (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
1 | Anatomical area | Between costal margins and gluteal folds | 8 (5) |
Below scapulae and above gluteal folds | 3 (2) | ||
T6 or below | 2 (1) | ||
T7 or below | 2 (1) | ||
Low back or buttocks | 2 (1) | ||
Between L1 and gluteal folds | 2 (1) | ||
Between L1 and SI-joints | 1 (1) | ||
At or above waist level | 1 (1) | ||
2 | Symptoms and signs | Low back pain | 150 (89) |
With or without referred Leg pain | 27 (16) | ||
Back pain | 10 (6) | ||
Without referred leg pain | 7 (4) | ||
Pain exacerbated by movement | 5 (3) | ||
Limited movement | 3 (2) | ||
Stiffness | 2 (1) | ||
Tension | 2 (1) | ||
With referred leg pain | 1 (1) | ||
Pain at rest | 1 (1) | ||
Discomfort | 1 (1) | ||
3 | Patient-reported outcome measures with score thresholds for inclusion | Visual Analogue Scale* (0 to 100) | |
≥ 40 mm | 6 (4) | ||
≥ 30 mm | 4 (2) | ||
≥ 65 mm | 1 (1) | ||
≥ 35 mm | 1 (1) | ||
≥ 20 mm | 1 (1) | ||
≥ 10 mm | 1 (1) | ||
Oswestry Functional Disability Index (0 to 100%) | |||
≥ 30% | 2 (1) | ||
≥ 25% | 2 (1) | ||
≥ 20% | 1 (1) | ||
≥ 15% | 1 (1) | ||
Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (0 to 24) | |||
≥ 3 points | 2 (1) | ||
≤ 4 points | 1 (1) | ||
≤ 5 points | 1 (1) | ||
Numeric Rating Scale (0 to 10) | |||
≥ 3 points | 1 (1) | ||
≥ 2 points | 1 (1) | ||
Von Korff Chronic Pain Grade (0 to 4) | |||
≥ Grade 1 | 1 (1) | ||
Hanover Ability Questionnaire (0 to 100%) | |||
≤ 70% | 1 (1) | ||
Short-From 36 | |||
“moderate pain and moderate disability (measured by adaptations of items 7 and 8 of SF-36)” | 1 (1) | ||
Brief Pain Inventory (0 to 10 on Average pain) | |||
“4 points on average pain last 6 months” | 1 (1) | ||