Table 4 Overview of relevant randomized controlled trial regarding Oral and IA administration of TXA compared with placebo in total knee arthroplasty
Authors | Year | Dosing regimens | No. of patients | Reduced blood loss | Reduction of Hb | Increased complications | Reduced transfusion | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Â | Â | TXA | Control | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Oral administration | ||||||||
 Zohar et al. | 2004 | 1 g oral TXA before surgery, 6 h, 12 h, and 18 h | 20 | 20 | Significant | NA | NS | Significant |
 Charoencholvanich et al. | 2011 | 10 mg/kg before deflation; 0.5 g oral TXA for 5 days | 50 | 50 | Significant | Significant | NS | Significant |
 Alipour et al. | 2013 | 1 g oral TXA before surgery, 6 h, 12 h, and 18 h | 26 | 27 | Significant | NA | NS | NA |
 Lee et al. | 2017 | 1 g oral TXA 2 h before surgery, 6 and 12 h | 95 | 95 | Significant | Significant | NS | NA |
 Yuan et al. | 2017 | 20 mg/kg oral TXA 2 h before surgery; 2 g oral TXA 12 h postoperatively | 140 | 140 | NA | Significant | NS | NA |
IA administration | ||||||||
 Wong et al. (1) | 2010 | 1.5 g/100 mL after cement | 33 | 35 | Significant | Significant | NS | NS |
 Wong et al. (2) | 2010 | 3 g/100 mL after cement | 31 | 35 | Significant | Significant | NS | NS |
 Ishida et al. | 2011 | 2 g/20 mL at closure | 50 | 50 | NA | NA | NS | NS |
 Sa-Ngasoongsong et al. | 2011 | 0.25 g/25 mL at closure | 24 | 24 | Significant | Significant | NS | Significant |
 Onodera et al. | 2012 | 1 g/50 mL after closure | 50 | 50 | Significant | Significant | NS | NS |
 Roy et al. | 2012 | 0.5 g/5 mL | 25 | 25 | NA | Significant | NS | NS |
 Alshryda et al. | 2013 | 1 g/50 mL at closure | 79 | 78 | Significant | Significant | NS | Significant |
 Georgiadis et al. | 2013 | 2 g/75 mL | 50 | 51 | Significant | Significant | NS | NS |
 Sa-Ngasoongsong et al. (1) | 2013 | 0.25 g/25 mL after closure | 45 | 45 | Significant | Significant | NS | NS |
 Sa-Ngasoongsong et al. (2) | 2013 | 0.5 g/25 mL after closure | 45 | 45 | Significant | Significant | NS | NS |
 Martin et al. | 2014 | 2 g/100 mL prior to closure | 25 | 25 | NA | Significant | NS | NA |
 Lin et al. | 2015 | 1 g/20 mL prior to closure | 40 | 40 | Significant | Significant | NS | Significant |
 Wang et al. | 2015 | 0.5 g/10 mL prior to closure | 30 | 30 | Significant | Significant | NS | Significant |
 Yang et al. | 2015 | 0.5 g/20 mL prior to closure | 40 | 40 | Significant | Significant | NS | Significant |
 Maniar et al. | 2012 | 3.0 g/100 mL before deflation for 5 mins | 40 | 40 | Significant | NA | NS | NS |
 Seo et al. | 2013 | 1.5 g/100 mL | 50 | 50 | Significant | NS | NS | Significant |
 Sarzaeem et al. (1) | 2014 | 3.0 g TXA/100 mL before suturing | 50 | 50 | NA | NS | NS | NS |
 Sarzaeem et al. (2) | 2014 | 1.5 g TXA/100 mL after closure | 50 | 50 | NA | Significant | NS | NS |
 Aguilera et al. | 2015 | 1.0 g/10 mL after cement | 50 | 50 | Significant | NS | NS | NS |
 Cavusoglu et al. | 2015 | 2.0 g/100 mL before closure | 20 | 20 | NA | NA | NS | NA |
 Digas et al. | 2015 | 2.0 g TXA after closure | 30 | 30 | Significant | NS | NS | NS |
 Oztas et al. | 2015 | 2.0 g TXA | 30 | 30 | Significant | NA | NS | Significant |
 Drosos et al. | 2016 | 1.0 g/30 mL | 30 | 30 | Significant | NS | NS | Significant |
 Keyhani et al. | 2016 | 1.5 g/50 mL before closure; 1.5 g/50 mL after closure | 40 | 40 | Significant | Significant | NS | NS |
 Tzatzairis et al. | 2016 | 1.0 g/100 mL after closure | 40 | 40 | Significant | Significant | NS | Significant |
 Prakash et al. (1) | 2017 | 3 g/50 ml prior to closure | 50 | 50 | NA | NA | NS | NS |
 Prakash et al. (2) | 2017 | 3 g/50 ml after closure | 50 | 50 | NA | NA | NS | NS |
 Song et al. | 2017 | 3 g/50 ml after closure | 50 | 50 | Significant | Significant | NS | NS |
 Stowers et al. | 2017 | 1.5 g TXA | 59 | 21 | Significant | NA | NS | NS |
 Ugurlu et al. | 2017 | 1.5 g/50 mL before closure; 1.5 g/50 mL after closure | 42 | 41 | NA | Significant | NS | NS |
 Yuan et al. | 2017 | 3 g/60 ml after closure | 140 | 140 | NA | Significant | NS | Significant |