The immediate effect of muscle release intervention on muscle activity and shoulder kinematics in patients with frozen shoulder: a cross-sectional, exploratory study

Table 4 Comparisons of shoulder kinematics between the FS (frozen shoulder) group (n = 20) and asymptomatic group (n = 20) at baseline; and before and after one-session muscle release intervention in the FS group (n = 18)

Shoulder kinematics (°)	Asymptomatic group Mean (SD)	FS group		P-value^a	P-value^b
Shoulder kinematics (°)	Asymptomatic group Mean (SD)	Pre-test Mean (SD)	Post-test Mean (SD)	P-value^a	P-value^b
Scaption task
Humeral elevation	130.54 (8.64)	95.18 (15.83)	98.24 (15.57)	<.001*	0.034*
Scapular PT	21.24 (4.51)	11.06 (3.94)	14.36 (4.65)	<.001*	0.002*
Scapular UR	34.92 (9.28)	28.19 (7.74)	30.17 (7.96)	0.017*	0.209
Hand to neck task
Humeral elevation	117.72 (8.98)	95.73 (12.09)	98.61 (16.06)	<.001*	0.275
Scapular PT	16.74 (4.74)	9.47 (3.86)	12.80 (8.33)	<.001*	0.025*
Scapular UR	26.45 (6.99)	30.30 (13.43)	26.12 (5.81)	0.262	0.102
Thumb to waist task
Humeral elevation	−56.24 (7.09)	−48.03 (9.79)	−47.61 (9.49)	0.004*	0.742
Scapular PT	−27.03 (7.06)	−27.49 (7.93)	−26.96 (8.67)	0.846	0.633
Scapular UR	−5.30 (3.60)	−4.86 (4.12)	−4.85 (3.68)	0.719	0.639

SD: standard deviation; PT: posterior tilt; UR: upward rotation
^aMultivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to analyze the differences between the FS and asymptomatic group;
^bRepeated measures MANOVA was used to analyze the effect of muscle release treatment on shoulder kinematics in the FS group
*The level of significance was set at p < .05