Table 3 Assessment of horizontal instability

Schneider et al. [7]

Retrospective case series/IV

Rockwood

Bilateral panoramic stress and axial views: visual and digitally measured (CCI and HD) classification

Digitally measured HD:

IeOR = good to excellent (0.62–0.96)

IaOR = good to excellent (0.67–0.98)

Vaisman et al. [10]

Diagnostic study/II

Rockwood

Introduction of the AC-width index

Width index of ≥60%:

• sensitivity of 95.7% and specificity of 97.5%

• positive predictive value of 96.7% and negative predictive value of 95.6%

for detecting a Rockwood grade IV injury

Tauber et al. [8]

Diagnostic study/II

Rockwood

Introduction of the GACA

Cutoff value of 12.3°:

• sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 92%

• true-negative in 92% and false-negative in 8%

for detecting a Rockwood grade IV injury

Gastaud et al. [9]

Diagnostic study/I

Rockwood

Bilateral comparative anteroposterior views (Zanca-view⁴), axial views and dynamic axial views (Tauber⁸-protocol):

digitally measured (CCI, D/A-ratio, X/Y-ratio, GACA) classification

Digitally measured X/Y-ratio:

IeOR = moderate to good (0.48–0.80)

IaOR = moderate to good (0.49–0.72)

Digitally measured GACA:

IeOR = poor to fair (0.01–0.33)

IaOR = poor to fair (0.09–0.38)