Table 1 Study participant characteristics at baseline between groups
Variable | Overall | Active | Control | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 101a) | (N = 53a) | (N = 48a) | ||
|  | Mean ± SD | |||
Age (years) | 70 ± 5.7 | 69.4 ± 5.8 | 70.0 ± 5.7 | 0.62 |
Cobb angle of kyphosis (degrees) | 55.9 ± 12.2 | 57.5 ± 13.6 | 54.2 ± 10.4 | 0.18 |
Kyphosis derived from kyphometer (degrees) | 52.0 ± 7.4 | 51.4 ± 7.9 | 52.7 ± 7.0 | 0.37 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.2 ± 4.1 | 26.0 ± 4.3 | 26.4 ± 3.9 | 0.64 |
Bone mineral density total hip t-score | −0.9 ± 1.1 | −1.02 ± 1.0 | −0.7 ± 1.2 | 0.10 |
Bone mineral density total spine t-score | −0.2 ± 2.2 | −0.5 ± 1.8 | 0.2 ± 2.5 | 0.09 |
| Â | N (%) | |||
Race/ethnicity – Caucasian | 94 (93) | 50 (94) | 44 (92) | 0.60 |
Education | Â | Â | Â | 0.85 |
 Some college, vocational or high school | 13 (13) | 6 (14.5) | 7 (15) |  |
 College graduate (BA, BS) | 33 (33) | 17 (32) | 16 (33) |  |
 Professional or graduate degree | 55 (54) | 30 (54) | 25 (52) |  |
Co-morbidities | Â | Â | Â | 0.85 |
 0–1 | 61 (60) | 25 (61) | 36 (60) |  |
 2+ | 40 (40) | 16 (39) | 24 (40) |  |
 Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) (yes) | 22 (23) | 14 (27) | 8 (17) | 0.24 |
Vertebral fracture | Â | Â | Â | 0.16 |
None | 87 (86) | 48 (91) | 39 (81) | Â |
Mild | 9 (9) | 2 (4) | 7 (15) | Â |
Severe | 5 (5) | 3 (6) | 2 (4) | Â |