Table 4 Prognostic factors for long-term (> 4 months) outcome in acute lateral ankle sprain

Akacha et al. [45]

FAOS-S (0-100, 0 = extreme symptoms, 100 = no symptoms).

Age, gender.

Non-linear mixed model

Greater age and female gender associated with slower and incomplete recovery.

Greater age (β = −0.01, 95% CI −0.12 to −0.004)

Female (β = −0.06, 95% CI −0.01 to −0.002)

Langner et al. [46]

Time to return to sports activities.

MRI grading of ligamentous injury (1-3, 1 = stretching, 2 = partial tear, 3 = complete tear); number of injured ligaments; presence of bone bruise.

Multivariate regression

MRI grading of ligamentous injury, R ² = .45, p < 0.01.

Number of injured ligaments, R ² = .35, p < 0.01.

Bone bruise, R ² = .32, p < 0.01.

Van Middelkoop et al. [47]

Self-reported recovery (NRS, 0-10. 0 = not recovered; 10 = completely recovered) at 12 months.

Re-sprain within 3 months; pain at rest at 3 months (NRS, 0-10).

Multivariate regression

12 months. Re-sprain within 3 months (β = −1.64, 95% CI −3.11 to −.16); pain at rest at 3 months (β = −.69, 95% CI −1.08 to −.29).